Outbox Event Router

Table of Contents

Example outbox message
Basic outbox table
Basic configuration
Options for applying the transformation selectively
Using Avro as the payload format
Emitting messages with additional fields
Expanding escaped JSON String as JSON
Configuration options
Distributed tracing

The outbox pattern is a way to safely and reliably exchange data between multiple (micro) services. An outbox pattern implementation avoids inconsistencies between a service’s internal state (as typically persisted in its database) and state in events consumed by services that need the same data.

To implement the outbox pattern in a Debezium application, configure a Debezium connector to:

Capture changes in an outbox table
Apply the Debezium outbox event router single message transformation (SMT)

A Debezium connector that is configured to apply the outbox SMT should capture changes that occur in an outbox table only. For more information, see Options for applying the transformation selectively.

A connector can capture changes in more than one outbox table only if each outbox table has the same structure.

See Reliable Microservices Data Exchange With the Outbox Pattern to learn about why the outbox pattern is useful and how it works.

For an example that you can run, see the outbox pattern demo, which is in the Debezium examples repository. It includes an example of how to configure a Debezium connector to run the outbox event router SMT.

The outbox event router SMT is not compatible with the MongoDB connector.

MongoDB users can run the MongoDB outbox event router SMT.

Example outbox message

To understand how the Debezium outbox event router SMT is configured, review the following example of a Debezium outbox message:

# Kafka Topic: outbox.event.order
# Kafka Message key: "1"
# Kafka Message Headers: "id=4d47e190-0402-4048-bc2c-89dd54343cdc"
# Kafka Message Timestamp: 1556890294484
{
  "{\"id\": 1, \"lineItems\": [{\"id\": 1, \"item\": \"Debezium in Action\", \"status\": \"ENTERED\", \"quantity\": 2, \"totalPrice\": 39.98}, {\"id\": 2, \"item\": \"Debezium for Dummies\", \"status\": \"ENTERED\", \"quantity\": 1, \"totalPrice\": 29.99}], \"orderDate\": \"2019-01-31T12:13:01\", \"customerId\": 123}"
}

A Debezium connector that is configured to apply the outbox event router SMT generates the above message by transforming a Debezium raw message like this:

# Kafka Message key: "406c07f3-26f0-4eea-a50c-109940064b8f"
# Kafka Message Headers: ""
# Kafka Message Timestamp: 1556890294484
{
  "before": null,
  "after": {
    "id": "406c07f3-26f0-4eea-a50c-109940064b8f",
    "aggregateid": "1",
    "aggregatetype": "Order",
    "payload": "{\"id\": 1, \"lineItems\": [{\"id\": 1, \"item\": \"Debezium in Action\", \"status\": \"ENTERED\", \"quantity\": 2, \"totalPrice\": 39.98}, {\"id\": 2, \"item\": \"Debezium for Dummies\", \"status\": \"ENTERED\", \"quantity\": 1, \"totalPrice\": 29.99}], \"orderDate\": \"2019-01-31T12:13:01\", \"customerId\": 123}",
    "timestamp": 1556890294344,
    "type": "OrderCreated"
  },
  "source": {
    "version": "1.9.2.Final",
    "connector": "postgresql",
    "name": "dbserver1-bare",
    "db": "orderdb",
    "ts_usec": 1556890294448870,
    "txId": 584,
    "lsn": 24064704,
    "schema": "inventory",
    "table": "outboxevent",
    "snapshot": false,
    "last_snapshot_record": null,
    "xmin": null
  },
  "op": "c",
  "ts_ms": 1556890294484
}

This example of a Debezium outbox message is based on the default outbox event router configuration, which assumes an outbox table structure and event routing based on aggregates. To customize behavior, the outbox event router SMT provides numerous configuration options.

Basic outbox table

To apply the default outbox event router SMT configuration, your outbox table is assumed to have the following columns:

Column        |          Type          | Modifiers
--------------+------------------------+-----------
id            | uuid                   | not null
aggregatetype | character varying(255) | not null
aggregateid   | character varying(255) | not null
type          | character varying(255) | not null
payload       | jsonb                  |

Table 1. Descriptions of expected outbox table columns
Column	Effect
`id`	Contains the unique ID of the event. In an outbox message, this value is a header. You can use this ID, for example, to remove duplicate messages. To obtain the unique ID of the event from a different outbox table column, set the `table.field.event.id` SMT option in the connector configuration.
`aggregatetype`	Contains a value that the SMT appends to the name of the topic to which the connector emits an outbox message. The default behavior is that this value replaces the default `${routedByValue}` variable in the `route.topic.replacement` SMT option. For example, in a default configuration, the `route.by.field` SMT option is set to `aggregatetype` and the `route.topic.replacement` SMT option is set to `outbox.event.${routedByValue}`. Suppose that your application adds two records to the outbox table. In the first record, the value in the `aggregatetype` column is `customers`. In the second record, the value in the `aggregatetype` column is `orders`. The connector emits the first record to the `outbox.event.customers` topic. The connector emits the second record to the `outbox.event.orders` topic. To obtain this value from a different outbox table column, set the `route.by.field` SMT option in the connector configuration.
`aggregateid`	Contains the event key, which provides an ID for the payload. The SMT uses this value as the key in the emitted outbox message. This is important for maintaining correct order in Kafka partitions. To obtain the event key from a different outbox table column, set the `table.field.event.key` SMT option in the connector configuration.
`payload`	A representation of the outbox change event. The default structure is JSON. By default, the Kafka message value is solely comprised of the `payload` value. However, if the outbox event is configured to include additional fields, the Kafka message value contains an envelope encapsulating both payload and the additional fields, and each field is represented separately. For more information, see Emitting messages with additional fields. To obtain the event payload from a different outbox table column, set the `table.field.event.payload` SMT option in the connector configuration.
Additional custom columns	Any additional columns from the outbox table can be added to outbox events either within the payload section or as a message header. One example could be a column `eventType` which conveys a user-defined value that helps to categorize or organize events.

Basic configuration

To configure a Debezium connector to support the outbox pattern, configure the outbox.EventRouter SMT. For example, the basic configuration in a .properties file looks like this:

transforms=outbox,...
transforms.outbox.type=io.debezium.transforms.outbox.EventRouter

Options for applying the transformation selectively

In addition to the change event messages that a Debezium connector emits when a database change occurs, the connector also emits other types of messages, including heartbeat messages, and metadata messages about schema changes and transactions. Because the structure of these other messages differs from the structure of the change event messages that the SMT is designed to process, it’s best to configure the connector to selectively apply the SMT, so that it processes only the intended data change messages. You can use one of the following methods to configure the connector to apply the SMT selectively:

Configure an SMT predicate for the transformation.
Use the route.topic.regex configuration option for the SMT.

Using Avro as the payload format

The outbox event router SMT supports arbitrary payload formats. The payload column value in an outbox table is passed on transparently. An alternative to working with JSON is to use Avro. This can be beneficial for message format governance and for ensuring that outbox event schemas evolve in a backwards-compatible way.

How a source application produces Avro formatted content for outbox message payloads is out of the scope of this documentation. One possibility is to leverage the KafkaAvroSerializer class to serialize GenericRecord instances. To ensure that the Kafka message value is the exact Avro binary data, apply the following configuration to the connector:

transforms=outbox,...
transforms.outbox.type=io.debezium.transforms.outbox.EventRouter
value.converter=io.debezium.converters.ByteBufferConverter

By default, the payload column value (the Avro data) is the only message value. Configuration of ByteBufferConverter as the value converter propagates the payload column value as-is into the Kafka message value.

The Debezium connectors may be configured to emit heartbeat, transaction metadata, or schema change events (support varies by connector). These events cannot be serialized by the ByteBufferConverter so additional configuration must be provided so the converter knows how to serialize these events. As an example, the following configuration illustrates using the Apache Kafka JsonConverter with no schemas:

transforms=outbox,...
transforms.outbox.type=io.debezium.transforms.outbox.EventRouter
value.converter=io.debezium.converters.ByteBufferConverter
value.converter.delegate.converter.type=org.apache.kafka.connect.json.JsonConverter
value.converter.delegate.converter.type.schemas.enable=false

The delegate Converter implementation is specified by the delegate.converter.type option. If any extra configuration options are needed by the converter, they can also be specified, such as the disablement of schemas shown above using schemas.enable=false.

Emitting messages with additional fields

Your outbox table might contain columns whose values you want to add to the emitted outbox messages. For example, consider an outbox table that has a value of purchase-order in the aggregatetype column and another column, eventType, whose possible values are order-created and order-shipped. To emit the eventType column value in the outbox message header, configure the SMT like this:

transforms=outbox,...
transforms.outbox.type=io.debezium.transforms.outbox.EventRouter
transforms.outbox.table.fields.additional.placement=type:header:eventType

To emit the eventType column value in the outbox message envelope, configure the SMT like this:

transforms=outbox,...
transforms.outbox.type=io.debezium.transforms.outbox.EventRouter
transforms.outbox.table.fields.additional.placement=type:envelope:eventType

Expanding escaped JSON String as JSON

You may have noticed that the Debezium outbox message contains the payload represented as a String. So when this string, is actually JSON, it appears as escaped in the result Kafka message like shown below:

# Kafka Topic: outbox.event.order
# Kafka Message key: "1"
# Kafka Message Headers: "id=4d47e190-0402-4048-bc2c-89dd54343cdc"
# Kafka Message Timestamp: 1556890294484
{
  "{\"id\": 1, \"lineItems\": [{\"id\": 1, \"item\": \"Debezium in Action\", \"status\": \"ENTERED\", \"quantity\": 2, \"totalPrice\": 39.98}, {\"id\": 2, \"item\": \"Debezium for Dummies\", \"status\": \"ENTERED\", \"quantity\": 1, \"totalPrice\": 29.99}], \"orderDate\": \"2019-01-31T12:13:01\", \"customerId\": 123}"
}

The outbox event router allows you to expand this message content to "real" JSON with the companion schema being deduced from the JSON document itself. That way the result in Kafka message looks like:

# Kafka Topic: outbox.event.order
# Kafka Message key: "1"
# Kafka Message Headers: "id=4d47e190-0402-4048-bc2c-89dd54343cdc"
# Kafka Message Timestamp: 1556890294484
{
  "id": 1, "lineItems": [{"id": 1, "item": "Debezium in Action", "status": "ENTERED", "quantity": 2, "totalPrice": 39.98}, {"id": 2, "item": "Debezium for Dummies", "status": "ENTERED", "quantity": 1, "totalPrice": 29.99}], "orderDate": "2019-01-31T12:13:01", "customerId": 123
}

To enable this transformation, you have to set the table.expand.json.payload to true and use the StringConverter like below:

transforms=outbox,...
transforms.outbox.type=io.debezium.transforms.outbox.EventRouter
transforms.outbox.table.expand.json.payload=true
value.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.storage.StringConverter

Configuration options

The following table describes the options that you can specify for the outbox event router SMT. In the table, the Group column indicates a configuration option classification for Kafka.

Table 2. Descriptions of outbox event router SMT configuration options
Option	Default	Group	Description
`table.op.invalid.behavior`	`warn`	Table	Determines the behavior of the SMT when there is an `UPDATE` operation on the outbox table. Possible settings are: `warn` - The SMT logs a warning and continues to the next outbox table record. `error` - The SMT logs an error and continues to the next outbox table record. `fatal` - The SMT logs an error and the connector stops processing. All changes in an outbox table are expected to be `INSERT` operations. That is, an outbox table functions as a queue; updates to records in an outbox table are not allowed. The SMT automatically filters out `DELETE` operations on an outbox table.
`table.field.event.id`	`id`	Table	Specifies the outbox table column that contains the unique event ID. This ID will be stored in the emitted event’s headers under the `id` key.
`table.field.event.key`	`aggregateid`	Table	Specifies the outbox table column that contains the event key. When this column contains a value, the SMT uses that value as the key in the emitted outbox message. This is important for maintaining correct order in Kafka partitions.
`table.field.event.timestamp`		Table	By default, the timestamp in the emitted outbox message is the Debezium event timestamp. To use a different timestamp in outbox messages, set this option to an outbox table column that contains the timestamp that you want to be in emitted outbox messages.
`table.field.event.payload`	`payload`	Table	Specifies the outbox table column that contains the event payload.
`table.field.event.payload.id`	`aggregateid`	Table	Specifies the outbox table column that contains the payload ID. This ID will be used as the emitted event’s key. This option is deprecated, use table.field.event.key instead.
`table.expand.json.payload`	`false`	Table	Specifies whether the JSON expansion of a String payload should be done. If no content found or in case of parsing error, the content is kept "as is". Fore more details, please see the expanding escaped json section.
`table.fields.additional.placement`		Table, Envelope	Specifies one or more outbox table columns that you want to add to outbox message headers or envelopes. Specify a comma-separated list of pairs. In each pair, specify the name of a column and whether you want the value to be in the header or the envelope. Separate the values in the pair with a colon, for example: `id:header,my-field:envelope` To specify an alias for the column, specify a trio with the alias as the third value, for example: `id:header,my-field:envelope:my-alias` The second value is the placement and it must always be `header` or `envelope`. Configuration examples are in emitting additional fields in Debezium outbox messages.
`table.field.event.schema.version`		Table, Schema	When set, this value is used as the schema version as described in the Kafka Connect Schema Javadoc.
`route.by.field`	`aggregatetype`	Router	Specifies the name of a column in the outbox table. The default behavior is that the value in this column becomes a part of the name of the topic to which the connector emits the outbox messages. An example is in the description of the expected outbox table.
`route.topic.regex`	`(?<routedByValue>.*)`	Router	Specifies a regular expression that the outbox SMT applies in the RegexRouter to outbox table records. This regular expression is part of the setting of the `route.topic.replacement` SMT option. The default behavior is that the SMT replaces the default `${routedByValue}` variable in the setting of the `route.topic.replacement` SMT option with the setting of the `route.by.field` outbox SMT option.
`route.topic.replacement`	`outbox.event.${routedByValue}`	Router	Specifies the name of the topic to which the connector emits outbox messages. The default topic name is `outbox.event.` followed by the `aggregatetype` column value in the outbox table record. For example, if the `aggregatetype` value is `customers`, the topic name is `outbox.event.customers`. To change the topic name, you can: Set the `route.by.field` option to a different column. Set the route.topic.regex option to a different regular expression.
`route.tombstone.on.empty.payload`	`false`	Router	Indicates whether an empty or `null` payload causes the connector to emit a tombstone event.
`debezium.op.invalid.behavior` Deprecated	`warn`	Debezium	Determines the behavior of the SMT when there is an `UPDATE` operation on the outbox table. Possible settings are: `warn` - The SMT logs a warning and continues to the next outbox table record. `error` - The SMT logs an error and continues to the next outbox table record. `fatal` - The SMT logs an error and the connector stops processing. All changes in an outbox table are expected to be `INSERT` operations. That is, an outbox table functions as a queue; updates to records in an outbox table are not allowed. The SMT automatically filters out `DELETE` operations on an outbox table. Use `table.op.invalid.behavior` instead.
`tracing.span.context.field`	`tracingspancontext`	Tracing	The name of the field containing tracing span context.
`tracing.operation.name`	`debezium-read`	Tracing	The operation name representing the Debezium processing span.
`tracing.with.context.field.only`	`false`	Tracing	When `true` only events that have serialized context field should be traced.

Distributed tracing

The outbox event routing SMT has support for distributed tracing. See tracing documentation for more details.