Debezium connector for PostgreSQL

Table of Contents

Overview
How the connector works
Data change events
Data type mappings
Setting up Postgres
Deployment
Monitoring
- Snapshot metrics
- Streaming metrics
Behavior when things go wrong

The Debezium PostgreSQL connector captures row-level changes in the schemas of a PostgreSQL database. For information about the PostgreSQL versions that are compatible with the connector, see the Debezium release overview.

The first time it connects to a PostgreSQL server or cluster, the connector takes a consistent snapshot of all schemas. After that snapshot is complete, the connector continuously captures row-level changes that insert, update, and delete database content and that were committed to a PostgreSQL database. The connector generates data change event records and streams them to Kafka topics. For each table, the default behavior is that the connector streams all generated events to a separate Kafka topic for that table. Applications and services consume data change event records from that topic.

Overview

PostgreSQL’s logical decoding feature was introduced in version 9.4. It is a mechanism that allows the extraction of the changes that were committed to the transaction log and the processing of these changes in a user-friendly manner with the help of an output plug-in. The output plug-in enables clients to consume the changes.

The PostgreSQL connector contains two main parts that work together to read and process database changes:

A logical decoding output plug-in. You might need to install the output plug-in that you choose to use. You must configure a replication slot that uses your chosen output plug-in before running the PostgreSQL server. The plug-in can be one of the following:
- decoderbufs is based on Protobuf and maintained by the Debezium community.
- wal2json is based on JSON and maintained by the wal2json community (deprecated, scheduled for removal in Debezium 2.0).
- pgoutput is the standard logical decoding output plug-in in PostgreSQL 10+. It is maintained by the PostgreSQL community, and used by PostgreSQL itself for logical replication. This plug-in is always present so no additional libraries need to be installed. The Debezium connector interprets the raw replication event stream directly into change events.
Java code (the actual Kafka Connect connector) that reads the changes produced by the chosen logical decoding output plug-in. It uses PostgreSQL’s streaming replication protocol, by means of the PostgreSQL JDBC driver

The connector produces a change event for every row-level insert, update, and delete operation that was captured and sends change event records for each table in a separate Kafka topic. Client applications read the Kafka topics that correspond to the database tables of interest, and can react to every row-level event they receive from those topics.

PostgreSQL normally purges write-ahead log (WAL) segments after some period of time. This means that the connector does not have the complete history of all changes that have been made to the database. Therefore, when the PostgreSQL connector first connects to a particular PostgreSQL database, it starts by performing a consistent snapshot of each of the database schemas. After the connector completes the snapshot, it continues streaming changes from the exact point at which the snapshot was made. This way, the connector starts with a consistent view of all of the data, and does not omit any changes that were made while the snapshot was being taken.

The connector is tolerant of failures. As the connector reads changes and produces events, it records the WAL position for each event. If the connector stops for any reason (including communication failures, network problems, or crashes), upon restart the connector continues reading the WAL where it last left off. This includes snapshots. If the connector stops during a snapshot, the connector begins a new snapshot when it restarts.

The connector relies on and reflects the PostgreSQL logical decoding feature, which has the following limitations:

Logical decoding does not support DDL changes. This means that the connector is unable to report DDL change events back to consumers.
Logical decoding replication slots are supported on only primary servers. When there is a cluster of PostgreSQL servers, the connector can run on only the active primary server. It cannot run on hot or warm standby replicas. If the primary server fails or is demoted, the connector stops. After the primary server has recovered, you can restart the connector. If a different PostgreSQL server has been promoted to primary, adjust the connector configuration before restarting the connector.

Behavior when things go wrong describes what the connector does when there is a problem.

Debezium currently supports databases with UTF-8 character encoding only. With a single byte character encoding, it is not possible to correctly process strings that contain extended ASCII code characters.

How the connector works

To optimally configure and run a Debezium PostgreSQL connector, it is helpful to understand how the connector performs snapshots, streams change events, determines Kafka topic names, and uses metadata.

Security

To use the Debezium connector to stream changes from a PostgreSQL database, the connector must operate with specific privileges in the database. Although one way to grant the necessary privileges is to provide the user with superuser privileges, doing so potentially exposes your PostgreSQL data to unauthorized access. Rather than granting excessive privileges to the Debezium user, it is best to create a dedicated Debezium replication user to which you grant specific privileges.

For more information about configuring privileges for the Debezium PostgreSQL user, see Setting up permissions. For more information about PostgreSQL logical replication security, see the PostgreSQL documentation.

Snapshots

Most PostgreSQL servers are configured to not retain the complete history of the database in the WAL segments. This means that the PostgreSQL connector would be unable to see the entire history of the database by reading only the WAL. Consequently, the first time that the connector starts, it performs an initial consistent snapshot of the database. The default behavior for performing a snapshot consists of the following steps. You can change this behavior by setting the snapshot.mode connector configuration property to a value other than initial.

Start a transaction with a SERIALIZABLE, READ ONLY, DEFERRABLE isolation level to ensure that subsequent reads in this transaction are against a single consistent version of the data. Any changes to the data due to subsequent INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations by other clients are not visible to this transaction.
Read the current position in the server’s transaction log.
Scan the database tables and schemas, generate a READ event for each row and write that event to the appropriate table-specific Kafka topic.
Commit the transaction.
Record the successful completion of the snapshot in the connector offsets.

If the connector fails, is rebalanced, or stops after Step 1 begins but before Step 5 completes, upon restart the connector begins a new snapshot. After the connector completes its initial snapshot, the PostgreSQL connector continues streaming from the position that it read in Step 2. This ensures that the connector does not miss any updates. If the connector stops again for any reason, upon restart, the connector continues streaming changes from where it previously left off.

Table 1. Options for the `snapshot.mode` connector configuration property
Option	Description
`always`	The connector always performs a snapshot when it starts. After the snapshot completes, the connector continues streaming changes from step 3 in the above sequence. This mode is useful in these situations: It is known that some WAL segments have been deleted and are no longer available. After a cluster failure, a new primary has been promoted. The `always` snapshot mode ensures that the connector does not miss any changes that were made after the new primary had been promoted but before the connector was restarted on the new primary.
`never`	The connector never performs snapshots. When a connector is configured this way, its behavior when it starts is as follows. If there is a previously stored LSN in the Kafka offsets topic, the connector continues streaming changes from that position. If no LSN has been stored, the connector starts streaming changes from the point in time when the PostgreSQL logical replication slot was created on the server. The `never` snapshot mode is useful only when you know all data of interest is still reflected in the WAL.
`initial_only`	The connector performs a database snapshot and stops before streaming any change event records. If the connector had started but did not complete a snapshot before stopping, the connector restarts the snapshot process and stops when the snapshot completes.
`exported`	Deprecated, all modes are lockless.
`custom`	The `custom` snapshot mode lets you inject your own implementation of the `io.debezium.connector.postgresql.spi.Snapshotter` interface. Set the `snapshot.custom.class` configuration property to the class on the classpath of your Kafka Connect cluster or included in the JAR if using the `EmbeddedEngine`. For more details, see custom snapshotter SPI.

Ad hoc snapshots

By default, a connector runs an initial snapshot operation only after it starts for the first time. Following this initial snapshot, under normal circumstances, the connector does not repeat the snapshot process. Any future change event data that the connector captures comes in through the streaming process only.

However, in some situations the data that the connector obtained during the initial snapshot might become stale, lost, or incomplete. To provide a mechanism for recapturing table data, Debezium includes an option to perform ad hoc snapshots. The following changes in a database might be cause for performing an ad hoc snapshot:

The connector configuration is modified to capture a different set of tables.
Kafka topics are deleted and must be rebuilt.
Data corruption occurs due to a configuration error or some other problem.

You can re-run a snapshot for a table for which you previously captured a snapshot by initiating a so-called ad-hoc snapshot. Ad hoc snapshots require the use of signaling tables. You initiate an ad hoc snapshot by sending a signal request to the Debezium signaling table.

When you initiate an ad hoc snapshot of an existing table, the connector appends content to the topic that already exists for the table. If a previously existing topic was removed, Debezium can create a topic automatically if automatic topic creation is enabled.

Ad hoc snapshot signals specify the tables to include in the snapshot. The snapshot can capture the entire contents of the database, or capture only a subset of the tables in the database.

You specify the tables to capture by sending an execute-snapshot message to the signaling table. Set the type of the execute-snapshot signal to incremental, and provide the names of the tables to include in the snapshot, as described in the following table:

Table 2. Example of an ad hoc `execute-snapshot` signal record
Field	Default	Value
`type`	`incremental`	Specifies the type of snapshot that you want to run. Setting the type is optional. Currently, you can request only `incremental` snapshots.
`data-collections`	N/A	An array that contains the fully-qualified names of the table to be snapshotted. The format of the names is the same as for the `signal.data.collection` configuration option.

Triggering an ad hoc snapshot

You initiate an ad hoc snapshot by adding an entry with the execute-snapshot signal type to the signaling table. After the connector processes the message, it begins the snapshot operation. The snapshot process reads the first and last primary key values and uses those values as the start and end point for each table. Based on the number of entries in the table, and the configured chunk size, Debezium divides the table into chunks, and proceeds to snapshot each chunk, in succession, one at a time.

Currently, the execute-snapshot action type triggers incremental snapshots only. For more information, see Incremental snapshots.

Incremental snapshots

To provide flexibility in managing snapshots, Debezium includes a supplementary snapshot mechanism, known as incremental snapshotting. Incremental snapshots rely on the Debezium mechanism for sending signals to a Debezium connector. Incremental snapshots are based on the DDD-3 design document.

In an incremental snapshot, instead of capturing the full state of a database all at once, as in an initial snapshot, Debezium captures each table in phases, in a series of configurable chunks. You can specify the tables that you want the snapshot to capture and the size of each chunk. The chunk size determines the number of rows that the snapshot collects during each fetch operation on the database. The default chunk size for incremental snapshots is 1 KB.

As an incremental snapshot proceeds, Debezium uses watermarks to track its progress, maintaining a record of each table row that it captures. This phased approach to capturing data provides the following advantages over the standard initial snapshot process:

You can run incremental snapshots in parallel with streamed data capture, instead of postponing streaming until the snapshot completes. The connector continues to capture near real-time events from the change log throughout the snapshot process, and neither operation blocks the other.
If the progress of an incremental snapshot is interrupted, you can resume it without losing any data. After the process resumes, the snapshot begins at the point where it stopped, rather than recapturing the table from the beginning.
You can run an incremental snapshot on demand at any time, and repeat the process as needed to adapt to database updates. For example, you might re-run a snapshot after you modify the connector configuration to add a table to its table.include.list property.

Incremental snapshot process

When you run an incremental snapshot, Debezium sorts each table by primary key and then splits the table into chunks based on the configured chunk size. Working chunk by chunk, it then captures each table row in a chunk. For each row that it captures, the snapshot emits a READ event. That event represents the value of the row when the snapshot for the chunk began.

As a snapshot proceeds, it’s likely that other processes continue to access the database, potentially modifying table records. To reflect such changes, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations are committed to the transaction log as per usual. Similarly, the ongoing Debezium streaming process continues to detect these change events and emits corresponding change event records to Kafka.

How Debezium resolves collisions among records with the same primary key

In some cases, the UPDATE or DELETE events that the streaming process emits are received out of sequence. That is, the streaming process might emit an event that modifies a table row before the snapshot captures the chunk that contains the READ event for that row. When the snapshot eventually emits the corresponding READ event for the row, its value is already superseded. To ensure that incremental snapshot events that arrive out of sequence are processed in the correct logical order, Debezium employs a buffering scheme for resolving collisions. Only after collisions between the snapshot events and the streamed events are resolved does Debezium emit an event record to Kafka.

Snapshot window

To assist in resolving collisions between late-arriving READ events and streamed events that modify the same table row, Debezium employs a so-called snapshot window. The snapshot windows demarcates the interval during which an incremental snapshot captures data for a specified table chunk. Before the snapshot window for a chunk opens, Debezium follows its usual behavior and emits events from the transaction log directly downstream to the target Kafka topic. But from the moment that the snapshot for a particular chunk opens, until it closes, Debezium performs a de-duplication step to resolve collisions between events that have the same primary key..

For each data collection, the Debezium emits two types of events, and stores the records for them both in a single destination Kafka topic. The snapshot records that it captures directly from a table are emitted as READ operations. Meanwhile, as users continue to update records in the data collection, and the transaction log is updated to reflect each commit, Debezium emits UPDATE or DELETE operations for each change.

As the snapshot window opens, and Debezium begins processing a snapshot chunk, it delivers snapshot records to a memory buffer. During the snapshot windows, the primary keys of the READ events in the buffer are compared to the primary keys of the incoming streamed events. If no match is found, the streamed event record is sent directly to Kafka. If Debezium detects a match, it discards the buffered READ event, and writes the streamed record to the destination topic, because the streamed event logically supersede the static snapshot event. After the snapshot window for the chunk closes, the buffer contains only READ events for which no related transaction log events exist. Debezium emits these remaining READ events to the table’s Kafka topic.

The connector repeats the process for each snapshot chunk.

Triggering an incremental snapshot

Currently, the only way to initiate an incremental snapshot is to send an ad hoc snapshot signal to the signaling table on the source database. You submit signals to the table as SQL INSERT queries. After Debezium detects the change in the signaling table, it reads the signal, and runs the requested snapshot operation.

The query that you submit specifies the tables to include in the snapshot, and, optionally, specifies the kind of snapshot operation. Currently, the only valid option for snapshots operations is the default value, incremental.

To specify the tables to include in the snapshot, provide a data-collections array that lists the tables, for example,
{"data-collections": ["public.MyFirstTable", "public.MySecondTable"]}

The data-collections array for an incremental snapshot signal has no default value. If the data-collections array is empty, Debezium detects that no action is required and does not perform a snapshot.

Prerequisites

Signaling is enabled.
- A signaling data collection exists on the source database and the connector is configured to capture it.
- The signaling data collection is specified in the signal.data.collection property.

Procedure

Send a SQL query to add the ad hoc incremental snapshot request to the signaling table:

INSERT INTO _<signalTable>_ (id, type, data) VALUES (_'<id>'_, _'<snapshotType>'_, '{"data-collections": ["_<tableName>_","_<tableName>_"],"type":"_<snapshotType>_"}');

For example,

INSERT INTO myschema.debezium_signal (id, type, data) VALUES('ad-hoc-1', 'execute-snapshot', '{"data-collections": ["schema1.table1", "schema2.table2"],"type":"incremental"}');

The values of the id,type, and data parameters in the command correspond to the fields of the signaling table.

The following table describes the these parameters:

Table 3. Descriptions of fields in a SQL command for sending an incremental snapshot signal to the signaling table
Value	Description
`myschema.debezium_signal`	Specifies the fully-qualified name of the signaling table on the source database
`ad-hoc-1`	The `id` parameter specifies an arbitrary string that is assigned as the `id` identifier for the signal request. Use this string to identify logging messages to entries in the signaling table. Debezium does not use this string. Rather, during the snapshot, Debezium generates its own `id` string as a watermarking signal.
`execute-snapshot`	Specifies `type` parameter specifies the operation that the signal is intended to trigger.
`data-collections`	A required component of the `data` field of a signal that specifies an array of table names to include in the snapshot. The array lists tables by their fully-qualified names, using the same format as you use to specify the name of the connector’s signaling table in the `signal.data.collection` configuration property.
`incremental`	An optional `type` component of the `data` field of a signal that specifies the kind of snapshot operation to run. Currently, the only valid option is the default value, `incremental`. Specifying a `type` value in the SQL query that you submit to the signaling table is optional. If you do not specify a value, the connector runs an incremental snapshot.

The following example, shows the JSON for an incremental snapshot event that is captured by a connector.

Example: Incremental snapshot event message

{
    "before":null,
    "after": {
        "pk":"1",
        "value":"New data"
    },
    "source": {
        ...
        "snapshot":"incremental" (1)
    },
    "op":"r", (2)
    "ts_ms":"1620393591654",
    "transaction":null
}

Item Field name Description

Item	Field name	Description
1	`snapshot`	Specifies the type of snapshot operation to run. Currently, the only valid option is the default value, `incremental`. Specifying a `type` value in the SQL query that you submit to the signaling table is optional. If you do not specify a value, the connector runs an incremental snapshot.
2	`op`	Specifies the event type. The value for snapshot events is `r`, signifying a `READ` operation.

snapshot

Specifies the type of snapshot operation to run.
Currently, the only valid option is the default value, incremental.
Specifying a type value in the SQL query that you submit to the signaling table is optional.
If you do not specify a value, the connector runs an incremental snapshot.

op

Specifies the event type.
The value for snapshot events is r, signifying a READ operation.

The Debezium connector for PostgreSQL does not support schema changes while an incremental snapshot is running. If a schema change is performed before the incremental snapshot start but after sending the signal then passthrough config option database.autosave is set to conservative to correctly process the schema change.

Custom snapshotter SPI

For more advanced uses, you can provide an implementation of the io.debezium.connector.postgresql.spi.Snapshotter interface. This interface allows control of most of the aspects of how the connector performs snapshots. This includes whether or not to take a snapshot, the options for opening the snapshot transaction, and whether to take locks.

Following is the full API for the interface. All built-in snapshot modes implement this interface.

/**
 * This interface is used to determine details about the snapshot process:
 *
 * Namely:
 * - Should a snapshot occur at all
 * - Should streaming occur
 * - What queries should be used to snapshot
 *
 * While many default snapshot modes are provided with Debezium,
 * a custom implementation of this interface can be provided by the implementor, which
 * can provide more advanced functionality, such as partial snapshots.
 *
 * Implementations must return true for either {@link #shouldSnapshot()} or {@link #shouldStream()}
 * or true for both.
 */
@Incubating
public interface Snapshotter {

    void init(PostgresConnectorConfig config, OffsetState sourceInfo,
              SlotState slotState);

    /**
     * @return true if the snapshotter should take a snapshot
     */
    boolean shouldSnapshot();

    /**
     * @return true if the snapshotter should stream after taking a snapshot
     */
    boolean shouldStream();

    /**
     *
     * @return true if streaming should resume from the start of the snapshot
     * transaction, or false for when a connector resumes and takes a snapshot,
     * streaming should resume from where streaming previously left off.
     */
    default boolean shouldStreamEventsStartingFromSnapshot() {
        return true;
    }
    /**
     * Generate a valid postgres query string for the specified table, or an empty {@link Optional}
     * to skip snapshotting this table (but that table will still be streamed from)
     *
     * @param tableId the table to generate a query for
     * @param snapshotSelectColumns the columns to be used in the snapshot select based on the column
     *                              include/exclude filters
     * @return a valid query string, or none to skip snapshotting this table
     */
    Optional<String> buildSnapshotQuery(TableId tableId, List<String> snapshotSelectColumns);

    /**
     * Return a new string that set up the transaction for snapshotting
     *
     * @param newSlotInfo if a new slow was created for snapshotting, this contains information from
     *                    the `create_replication_slot` command
     */
    default String snapshotTransactionIsolationLevelStatement(SlotCreationResult newSlotInfo) {
        // we're using the same isolation level that pg_backup uses
        return "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, READ ONLY, DEFERRABLE;";
    }

    /**
     * Returns a SQL statement for locking the given tables during snapshotting, if required by the specific snapshotter
     * implementation.
     */
    default Optional<String> snapshotTableLockingStatement(Duration lockTimeout, Set<TableId> tableIds) {
        String lineSeparator = System.lineSeparator();
        StringBuilder statements = new StringBuilder();
        statements.append("SET lock_timeout = ").append(lockTimeout.toMillis()).append(";").append(lineSeparator);
        // we're locking in ACCESS SHARE MODE to avoid concurrent schema changes while we're taking the snapshot
        // this does not prevent writes to the table, but prevents changes to the table's schema....
        // DBZ-298 Quoting name in case it has been quoted originally; it doesn't do harm if it hasn't been quoted
        tableIds.forEach(tableId -> statements.append("LOCK TABLE ")
                .append(tableId.toDoubleQuotedString())
                .append(" IN ACCESS SHARE MODE;")
                .append(lineSeparator));
        return Optional.of(statements.toString());
    }

    /**
     * Lifecycle hook called once the snapshot phase is finished.
     */
    default void snapshotCompleted() {
        // no operation
    }
}

Streaming changes

The PostgreSQL connector typically spends the vast majority of its time streaming changes from the PostgreSQL server to which it is connected. This mechanism relies on PostgreSQL’s replication protocol. This protocol enables clients to receive changes from the server as they are committed in the server’s transaction log at certain positions, which are referred to as Log Sequence Numbers (LSNs).

Whenever the server commits a transaction, a separate server process invokes a callback function from the logical decoding plug-in. This function processes the changes from the transaction, converts them to a specific format (Protobuf or JSON in the case of Debezium plug-in) and writes them on an output stream, which can then be consumed by clients.

The Debezium PostgreSQL connector acts as a PostgreSQL client. When the connector receives changes it transforms the events into Debezium create, update, or delete events that include the LSN of the event. The PostgreSQL connector forwards these change events in records to the Kafka Connect framework, which is running in the same process. The Kafka Connect process asynchronously writes the change event records in the same order in which they were generated to the appropriate Kafka topic.

Periodically, Kafka Connect records the most recent offset in another Kafka topic. The offset indicates source-specific position information that Debezium includes with each event. For the PostgreSQL connector, the LSN recorded in each change event is the offset.

When Kafka Connect gracefully shuts down, it stops the connectors, flushes all event records to Kafka, and records the last offset received from each connector. When Kafka Connect restarts, it reads the last recorded offset for each connector, and starts each connector at its last recorded offset. When the connector restarts, it sends a request to the PostgreSQL server to send the events starting just after that position.

The PostgreSQL connector retrieves schema information as part of the events sent by the logical decoding plug-in. However, the connector does not retrieve information about which columns compose the primary key. The connector obtains this information from the JDBC metadata (side channel). If the primary key definition of a table changes (by adding, removing or renaming primary key columns), there is a tiny period of time when the primary key information from JDBC is not synchronized with the change event that the logical decoding plug-in generates. During this tiny period, a message could be created with an inconsistent key structure. To prevent this inconsistency, update primary key structures as follows:

Put the database or an application into a read-only mode.
Let Debezium process all remaining events.
Stop Debezium.
Update the primary key definition in the relevant table.
Put the database or the application into read/write mode.
Restart Debezium.

PostgreSQL 10+ logical decoding support (`pgoutput`)

As of PostgreSQL 10+, there is a logical replication stream mode, called pgoutput that is natively supported by PostgreSQL. This means that a Debezium PostgreSQL connector can consume that replication stream without the need for additional plug-ins. This is particularly valuable for environments where installation of plug-ins is not supported or not allowed.

See Setting up PostgreSQL for more details.

Topic names

By default, the PostgreSQL connector writes change events for all INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations that occur in a table to a single Apache Kafka topic that is specific to that table. The connector uses the following convention to name change event topics:

serverName.schemaName.tableName

The following list provides definitions for the components of the default name:

serverName: The logical name of the connector, as specified by the database.server.name configuration property.
schemaName: The name of the database schema in which the change event occurred.
tableName: The name of the database table in which the change event occurred.

For example, suppose that fulfillment is the logical server name in the configuration for a connector that is capturing changes in a PostgreSQL installation that has a postgres database and an inventory schema that contains four tables: products, products_on_hand, customers, and orders. The connector would stream records to these four Kafka topics:

fulfillment.inventory.products
fulfillment.inventory.products_on_hand
fulfillment.inventory.customers
fulfillment.inventory.orders

Now suppose that the tables are not part of a specific schema but were created in the default public PostgreSQL schema. The names of the Kafka topics would be:

fulfillment.public.products
fulfillment.public.products_on_hand
fulfillment.public.customers
fulfillment.public.orders

The connector applies similar naming conventions to label its transaction metadata topics.

If the default topic name do not meet your requirements, you can configure custom topic names. To configure custom topic names, you specify regular expressions in the logical topic routing SMT. For more information about using the logical topic routing SMT to customize topic naming, see Topic routing.

Meta information

In addition to a database change event, each record produced by a PostgreSQL connector contains some metadata. Metadata includes where the event occurred on the server, the name of the source partition and the name of the Kafka topic and partition where the event should go, for example:

"sourcePartition": {
     "server": "fulfillment"
 },
 "sourceOffset": {
     "lsn": "24023128",
     "txId": "555",
     "ts_ms": "1482918357011"
 },
 "kafkaPartition": null

sourcePartition always defaults to the setting of the database.server.name connector configuration property.
sourceOffset contains information about the location of the server where the event occurred:
- lsn represents the PostgreSQL Log Sequence Number or offset in the transaction log.
- txId represents the identifier of the server transaction that caused the event.
- ts_ms represents the server time at which the transaction was committed in the form of the number of milliseconds since the epoch.
kafkaPartition with a setting of null means that the connector does not use a specific Kafka partition. The PostgreSQL connector uses only one Kafka Connect partition and it places the generated events into one Kafka partition.

Transaction metadata

Debezium can generate events that represent transaction boundaries and that enrich data change event messages.

Limits on when Debezium receives transaction metadata

Debezium registers and receives metadata only for transactions that occur after you deploy the connector. Metadata for transactions that occur before you deploy the connector is not available.

For every transaction BEGIN and END, Debezium generates an event that contains the following fields:

status - BEGIN or END
id - string representation of unique transaction identifier
event_count (for END events) - total number of events emitted by the transaction
data_collections (for END events) - an array of pairs of data_collection and event_count that provides the number of events emitted by changes originating from given data collection

Example

{
  "status": "BEGIN",
  "id": "571",
  "event_count": null,
  "data_collections": null
}

{
  "status": "END",
  "id": "571",
  "event_count": 2,
  "data_collections": [
    {
      "data_collection": "s1.a",
      "event_count": 1
    },
    {
      "data_collection": "s2.a",
      "event_count": 1
    }
  ]
}

Unless overridden via the transaction.topic option, transaction events are written to the topic named database.server.name.transaction.

Change data event enrichment

When transaction metadata is enabled the data message Envelope is enriched with a new transaction field. This field provides information about every event in the form of a composite of fields:

id - string representation of unique transaction identifier
total_order - absolute position of the event among all events generated by the transaction
data_collection_order - the per-data collection position of the event among all events that were emitted by the transaction

Following is an example of a message:

{
  "before": null,
  "after": {
    "pk": "2",
    "aa": "1"
  },
  "source": {
   ...
  },
  "op": "c",
  "ts_ms": "1580390884335",
  "transaction": {
    "id": "571",
    "total_order": "1",
    "data_collection_order": "1"
  }
}

Data change events

The Debezium PostgreSQL connector generates a data change event for each row-level INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operation. Each event contains a key and a value. The structure of the key and the value depends on the table that was changed.

Debezium and Kafka Connect are designed around continuous streams of event messages. However, the structure of these events may change over time, which can be difficult for consumers to handle. To address this, each event contains the schema for its content or, if you are using a schema registry, a schema ID that a consumer can use to obtain the schema from the registry. This makes each event self-contained.

The following skeleton JSON shows the basic four parts of a change event. However, how you configure the Kafka Connect converter that you choose to use in your application determines the representation of these four parts in change events. A schema field is in a change event only when you configure the converter to produce it. Likewise, the event key and event payload are in a change event only if you configure a converter to produce it. If you use the JSON converter and you configure it to produce all four basic change event parts, change events have this structure:

{
 "schema": { (1)
   ...
  },
 "payload": { (2)
   ...
 },
 "schema": { (3)
   ...
 },
 "payload": { (4)
   ...
 },
}

Table 4. Overview of change event basic content
Item	Field name	Description
1	`schema`	The first `schema` field is part of the event key. It specifies a Kafka Connect schema that describes what is in the event key’s `payload` portion. In other words, the first `schema` field describes the structure of the primary key, or the unique key if the table does not have a primary key, for the table that was changed. It is possible to override the table’s primary key by setting the `message.key.columns` connector configuration property. In this case, the first schema field describes the structure of the key identified by that property.
2	`payload`	The first `payload` field is part of the event key. It has the structure described by the previous `schema` field and it contains the key for the row that was changed.
3	`schema`	The second `schema` field is part of the event value. It specifies the Kafka Connect schema that describes what is in the event value’s `payload` portion. In other words, the second `schema` describes the structure of the row that was changed. Typically, this schema contains nested schemas.
4	`payload`	The second `payload` field is part of the event value. It has the structure described by the previous `schema` field and it contains the actual data for the row that was changed.

By default behavior is that the connector streams change event records to topics with names that are the same as the event’s originating table.

Starting with Kafka 0.10, Kafka can optionally record the event key and value with the timestamp at which the message was created (recorded by the producer) or written to the log by Kafka.

The PostgreSQL connector ensures that all Kafka Connect schema names adhere to the Avro schema name format. This means that the logical server name must start with a Latin letter or an underscore, that is, a-z, A-Z, or _. Each remaining character in the logical server name and each character in the schema and table names must be a Latin letter, a digit, or an underscore, that is, a-z, A-Z, 0-9, or \_. If there is an invalid character it is replaced with an underscore character.

This can lead to unexpected conflicts if the logical server name, a schema name, or a table name contains invalid characters, and the only characters that distinguish names from one another are invalid and thus replaced with underscores.

Change event keys

For a given table, the change event’s key has a structure that contains a field for each column in the primary key of the table at the time the event was created. Alternatively, if the table has REPLICA IDENTITY set to FULL or USING INDEX there is a field for each unique key constraint.

Consider a customers table defined in the public database schema and the example of a change event key for that table.

Example table

CREATE TABLE customers (
  id SERIAL,
  first_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  last_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY(id)
);

Example change event key

If the database.server.name connector configuration property has the value PostgreSQL_server, every change event for the customers table while it has this definition has the same key structure, which in JSON looks like this:

{
  "schema": { (1)
    "type": "struct",
    "name": "PostgreSQL_server.public.customers.Key", (2)
    "optional": false, (3)
    "fields": [ (4)
          {
              "name": "id",
              "index": "0",
              "schema": {
                  "type": "INT32",
                  "optional": "false"
              }
          }
      ]
  },
  "payload": { (5)
      "id": "1"
  },
}

Table 5. Description of change event key
Item	Field name	Description
1	`schema`	The schema portion of the key specifies a Kafka Connect schema that describes what is in the key’s `payload` portion.
2	`PostgreSQL_server.inventory.customers.Key`	Name of the schema that defines the structure of the key’s payload. This schema describes the structure of the primary key for the table that was changed. Key schema names have the format connector-name.database-name.table-name.`Key`. In this example: `PostgreSQL_server` is the name of the connector that generated this event. `inventory` is the database that contains the table that was changed. `customers` is the table that was updated.
3	`optional`	Indicates whether the event key must contain a value in its `payload` field. In this example, a value in the key’s payload is required. A value in the key’s payload field is optional when a table does not have a primary key.
4	`fields`	Specifies each field that is expected in the `payload`, including each field’s name, index, and schema.
5	`payload`	Contains the key for the row for which this change event was generated. In this example, the key, contains a single `id` field whose value is `1`.

Although the column.exclude.list and column.include.list connector configuration properties allow you to capture only a subset of table columns, all columns in a primary or unique key are always included in the event’s key.

If the table does not have a primary or unique key, then the change event’s key is null. The rows in a table without a primary or unique key constraint cannot be uniquely identified.

Change event values

The value in a change event is a bit more complicated than the key. Like the key, the value has a schema section and a payload section. The schema section contains the schema that describes the Envelope structure of the payload section, including its nested fields. Change events for operations that create, update or delete data all have a value payload with an envelope structure.

Consider the same sample table that was used to show an example of a change event key:

CREATE TABLE customers (
  id SERIAL,
  first_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  last_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY(id)
);

The value portion of a change event for a change to this table varies according to the REPLICA IDENTITY setting and the operation that the event is for.

Replica identity

REPLICA IDENTITY is a PostgreSQL-specific table-level setting that determines the amount of information that is available to the logical decoding plug-in for UPDATE and DELETE events. More specifically, the setting of REPLICA IDENTITY controls what (if any) information is available for the previous values of the table columns involved, whenever an UPDATE or DELETE event occurs.

There are 4 possible values for REPLICA IDENTITY:

DEFAULT - The default behavior is that UPDATE and DELETE events contain the previous values for the primary key columns of a table if that table has a primary key. For an UPDATE event, only the primary key columns with changed values are present.

If a table does not have a primary key, the connector does not emit UPDATE or DELETE events for that table. For a table without a primary key, the connector emits only create events. Typically, a table without a primary key is used for appending messages to the end of the table, which means that UPDATE and DELETE events are not useful.
NOTHING - Emitted events for UPDATE and DELETE operations do not contain any information about the previous value of any table column.
FULL - Emitted events for UPDATE and DELETE operations contain the previous values of all columns in the table.
INDEX index-name - Emitted events for UPDATE and DELETE operations contain the previous values of the columns contained in the specified index. UPDATE events also contain the indexed columns with the updated values.

create events

The following example shows the value portion of a change event that the connector generates for an operation that creates data in the customers table:

{
    "schema": { (1)
        "type": "struct",
        "fields": [
            {
                "type": "struct",
                "fields": [
                    {
                        "type": "int32",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "id"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "first_name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "last_name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "email"
                    }
                ],
                "optional": true,
                "name": "PostgreSQL_server.inventory.customers.Value", (2)
                "field": "before"
            },
            {
                "type": "struct",
                "fields": [
                    {
                        "type": "int32",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "id"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "first_name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "last_name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "email"
                    }
                ],
                "optional": true,
                "name": "PostgreSQL_server.inventory.customers.Value",
                "field": "after"
            },
            {
                "type": "struct",
                "fields": [
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "version"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "connector"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "int64",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "ts_ms"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "boolean",
                        "optional": true,
                        "default": false,
                        "field": "snapshot"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "db"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "schema"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "table"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "int64",
                        "optional": true,
                        "field": "txId"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "int64",
                        "optional": true,
                        "field": "lsn"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "int64",
                        "optional": true,
                        "field": "xmin"
                    }
                ],
                "optional": false,
                "name": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.Source", (3)
                "field": "source"
            },
            {
                "type": "string",
                "optional": false,
                "field": "op"
            },
            {
                "type": "int64",
                "optional": true,
                "field": "ts_ms"
            }
        ],
        "optional": false,
        "name": "PostgreSQL_server.inventory.customers.Envelope" (4)
    },
    "payload": { (5)
        "before": null, (6)
        "after": { (7)
            "id": 1,
            "first_name": "Anne",
            "last_name": "Kretchmar",
            "email": "annek@noanswer.org"
        },
        "source": { (8)
            "version": "1.9.2.Final",
            "connector": "postgresql",
            "name": "PostgreSQL_server",
            "ts_ms": 1559033904863,
            "snapshot": true,
            "db": "postgres",
            "sequence": "[\"24023119\",\"24023128\"]"
            "schema": "public",
            "table": "customers",
            "txId": 555,
            "lsn": 24023128,
            "xmin": null
        },
        "op": "c", (9)
        "ts_ms": 1559033904863 (10)
    }
}

Item Field name Description

schema

The value’s schema, which describes the structure of the value’s payload. A change event’s value schema is the same in every change event that the connector generates for a particular table.

name

In the schema section, each name field specifies the schema for a field in the value’s payload.

PostgreSQL_server.inventory.customers.Value is the schema for the payload’s before and after fields. This schema is specific to the customers table.

Names of schemas for before and after fields are of the form logicalName.tableName.Value, which ensures that the schema name is unique in the database. This means that when using the Avro converter, the resulting Avro schema for each table in each logical source has its own evolution and history.

name

io.debezium.connector.postgresql.Source is the schema for the payload’s source field. This schema is specific to the PostgreSQL connector. The connector uses it for all events that it generates.

name

PostgreSQL_server.inventory.customers.Envelope is the schema for the overall structure of the payload, where PostgreSQL_server is the connector name, inventory is the database, and customers is the table.

payload

The value’s actual data. This is the information that the change event is providing.

It may appear that the JSON representations of the events are much larger than the rows they describe. This is because the JSON representation must include the schema and the payload portions of the message. However, by using the Avro converter, you can significantly decrease the size of the messages that the connector streams to Kafka topics.

before

An optional field that specifies the state of the row before the event occurred. When the op field is c for create, as it is in this example, the before field is null since this change event is for new content.

Whether or not this field is available is dependent on the REPLICA IDENTITY setting for each table.

after

An optional field that specifies the state of the row after the event occurred. In this example, the after field contains the values of the new row’s id, first_name, last_name, and email columns.

source

Mandatory field that describes the source metadata for the event. This field contains information that you can use to compare this event with other events, with regard to the origin of the events, the order in which the events occurred, and whether events were part of the same transaction. The source metadata includes:

Debezium version
Connector type and name
Database and table that contains the new row
Stringified JSON array of additional offset information. The first value is always the last committed LSN, the second value is always the current LSN. Either value may be null.
Schema name
If the event was part of a snapshot
ID of the transaction in which the operation was performed
Offset of the operation in the database log
Timestamp for when the change was made in the database

op

Mandatory string that describes the type of operation that caused the connector to generate the event. In this example, c indicates that the operation created a row. Valid values are:

c = create
u = update
d = delete
r = read (applies to only snapshots)
t = truncate
m = message

ts_ms

Optional field that displays the time at which the connector processed the event. The time is based on the system clock in the JVM running the Kafka Connect task.

In the source object, ts_ms indicates the time that the change was made in the database. By comparing the value for payload.source.ts_ms with the value for payload.ts_ms, you can determine the lag between the source database update and Debezium.

update events

The value of a change event for an update in the sample customers table has the same schema as a create event for that table. Likewise, the event value’s payload has the same structure. However, the event value payload contains different values in an update event. Here is an example of a change event value in an event that the connector generates for an update in the customers table:

{
    "schema": { ... },
    "payload": {
        "before": { (1)
            "id": 1
        },
        "after": { (2)
            "id": 1,
            "first_name": "Anne Marie",
            "last_name": "Kretchmar",
            "email": "annek@noanswer.org"
        },
        "source": { (3)
            "version": "1.9.2.Final",
            "connector": "postgresql",
            "name": "PostgreSQL_server",
            "ts_ms": 1559033904863,
            "snapshot": false,
            "db": "postgres",
            "schema": "public",
            "table": "customers",
            "txId": 556,
            "lsn": 24023128,
            "xmin": null
        },
        "op": "u", (4)
        "ts_ms": 1465584025523  (5)
    }
}

Table 7. Descriptions of *update* event value fields
Item	Field name	Description
1	`before`	An optional field that contains values that were in the row before the database commit. In this example, only the primary key column, `id`, is present because the table’s `REPLICA IDENTITY` setting is, by default, `DEFAULT`. + For an update event to contain the previous values of all columns in the row, you would have to change the `customers` table by running `ALTER TABLE customers REPLICA IDENTITY FULL`.
2	`after`	An optional field that specifies the state of the row after the event occurred. In this example, the `first_name` value is now `Anne Marie`.
3	`source`	Mandatory field that describes the source metadata for the event. The `source` field structure has the same fields as in a create event, but some values are different. The source metadata includes: Debezium version Connector type and name Database and table that contains the new row Schema name If the event was part of a snapshot (always `false` for update events) ID of the transaction in which the operation was performed Offset of the operation in the database log Timestamp for when the change was made in the database
4	`op`	Mandatory string that describes the type of operation. In an update event value, the `op` field value is `u`, signifying that this row changed because of an update.
5	`ts_ms`	Optional field that displays the time at which the connector processed the event. The time is based on the system clock in the JVM running the Kafka Connect task. In the `source` object, `ts_ms` indicates the time that the change was made in the database. By comparing the value for `payload.source.ts_ms` with the value for `payload.ts_ms`, you can determine the lag between the source database update and Debezium.

Updating the columns for a row’s primary/unique key changes the value of the row’s key. When a key changes, Debezium outputs three events: a DELETE event and a tombstone event with the old key for the row, followed by an event with the new key for the row. Details are in the next section.

Primary key updates

An UPDATE operation that changes a row’s primary key field(s) is known as a primary key change. For a primary key change, in place of sending an UPDATE event record, the connector sends a DELETE event record for the old key and a CREATE event record for the new (updated) key. These events have the usual structure and content, and in addition, each one has a message header related to the primary key change:

The DELETE event record has __debezium.newkey as a message header. The value of this header is the new primary key for the updated row.
The CREATE event record has __debezium.oldkey as a message header. The value of this header is the previous (old) primary key that the updated row had.

delete events

The value in a delete change event has the same schema portion as create and update events for the same table. The payload portion in a delete event for the sample customers table looks like this:

{
    "schema": { ... },
    "payload": {
        "before": { (1)
            "id": 1
        },
        "after": null, (2)
        "source": { (3)
            "version": "1.9.2.Final",
            "connector": "postgresql",
            "name": "PostgreSQL_server",
            "ts_ms": 1559033904863,
            "snapshot": false,
            "db": "postgres",
            "schema": "public",
            "table": "customers",
            "txId": 556,
            "lsn": 46523128,
            "xmin": null
        },
        "op": "d", (4)
        "ts_ms": 1465581902461 (5)
    }
}

Table 8. Descriptions of *delete* event value fields
Item	Field name	Description
1	`before`	Optional field that specifies the state of the row before the event occurred. In a delete event value, the `before` field contains the values that were in the row before it was deleted with the database commit. In this example, the `before` field contains only the primary key column because the table’s `REPLICA IDENTITY` setting is `DEFAULT`.
2	`after`	Optional field that specifies the state of the row after the event occurred. In a delete event value, the `after` field is `null`, signifying that the row no longer exists.
3	`source`	Mandatory field that describes the source metadata for the event. In a delete event value, the `source` field structure is the same as for create and update events for the same table. Many `source` field values are also the same. In a delete event value, the `ts_ms` and `lsn` field values, as well as other values, might have changed. But the `source` field in a delete event value provides the same metadata: Debezium version Connector type and name Database and table that contained the deleted row Schema name If the event was part of a snapshot (always `false` for delete events) ID of the transaction in which the operation was performed Offset of the operation in the database log Timestamp for when the change was made in the database
4	`op`	Mandatory string that describes the type of operation. The `op` field value is `d`, signifying that this row was deleted.
5	`ts_ms`	Optional field that displays the time at which the connector processed the event. The time is based on the system clock in the JVM running the Kafka Connect task. In the `source` object, `ts_ms` indicates the time that the change was made in the database. By comparing the value for `payload.source.ts_ms` with the value for `payload.ts_ms`, you can determine the lag between the source database update and Debezium.

A delete change event record provides a consumer with the information it needs to process the removal of this row.

For a consumer to be able to process a delete event generated for a table that does not have a primary key, set the table’s REPLICA IDENTITY to FULL. When a table does not have a primary key and the table’s REPLICA IDENTITY is set to DEFAULT or NOTHING, a delete event has no before field.

PostgreSQL connector events are designed to work with Kafka log compaction. Log compaction enables removal of some older messages as long as at least the most recent message for every key is kept. This lets Kafka reclaim storage space while ensuring that the topic contains a complete data set and can be used for reloading key-based state.

Tombstone events

When a row is deleted, the delete event value still works with log compaction, because Kafka can remove all earlier messages that have that same key. However, for Kafka to remove all messages that have that same key, the message value must be null. To make this possible, the PostgreSQL connector follows a delete event with a special tombstone event that has the same key but a null value.

truncate events

A truncate change event signals that a table has been truncated. The message key is null in this case, the message value looks like this:

{
    "schema": { ... },
    "payload": {
        "source": { (1)
            "version": "1.9.2.Final",
            "connector": "postgresql",
            "name": "PostgreSQL_server",
            "ts_ms": 1559033904863,
            "snapshot": false,
            "db": "postgres",
            "schema": "public",
            "table": "customers",
            "txId": 556,
            "lsn": 46523128,
            "xmin": null
        },
        "op": "t", (2)
        "ts_ms": 1559033904961 (3)
    }
}

Table 9. Descriptions of *truncate* event value fields
Item	Field name	Description
1	`source`	Mandatory field that describes the source metadata for the event. In a truncate event value, the `source` field structure is the same as for create, update, and delete events for the same table, provides this metadata: Debezium version Connector type and name Database and table that contains the new row Schema name If the event was part of a snapshot (always `false` for delete events) ID of the transaction in which the operation was performed Offset of the operation in the database log Timestamp for when the change was made in the database
2	`op`	Mandatory string that describes the type of operation. The `op` field value is `t`, signifying that this table was truncated.
3	`ts_ms`	Optional field that displays the time at which the connector processed the event. The time is based on the system clock in the JVM running the Kafka Connect task. In the `source` object, `ts_ms` indicates the time that the change was made in the database. By comparing the value for `payload.source.ts_ms` with the value for `payload.ts_ms`, you can determine the lag between the source database update and Debezium.

In case a single TRUNCATE statement applies to multiple tables, one truncate change event record for each truncated table will be emitted.

Note that since truncate events represent a change made to an entire table and don’t have a message key, unless you’re working with topics with a single partition, there are no ordering guarantees for the change events pertaining to a table (create, update, etc.) and truncate events for that table. For instance a consumer may receive an update event only after a truncate event for that table, when those events are read from different partitions.

message events

This event type is only supported through the pgoutput plugin on Postgres 14+ (Postgres Documentation)

A message event signals that a generic logical decoding message has been inserted directly into the WAL typically with the pg_logical_emit_message function. The message key is a Struct with a single field named prefix in this case, carrying the prefix specified when inserting the message. The message value looks like this for transactional messages:

{
    "schema": { ... },
    "payload": {
        "source": { (1)
            "version": "1.9.2.Final",
            "connector": "postgresql",
            "name": "PostgreSQL_server",
            "ts_ms": 1559033904863,
            "snapshot": false,
            "db": "postgres",
            "schema": "",
            "table": "",
            "txId": 556,
            "lsn": 46523128,
            "xmin": null
        },
        "op": "m", (2)
        "ts_ms": 1559033904961, (3)
        "message": { (4)
            "prefix": "foo",
            "content": "Ymfy"
        }
    }
}

Unlike other event types, non-transactional messages will not have any associated BEGIN or END transaction events. The message value looks like this for non-transactional messages:

{
    "schema": { ... },
    "payload": {
        "source": { (1)
            "version": "1.9.2.Final",
            "connector": "postgresql",
            "name": "PostgreSQL_server",
            "ts_ms": 1559033904863,
            "snapshot": false,
            "db": "postgres",
            "schema": "",
            "table": "",
            "lsn": 46523128,
            "xmin": null
        },
        "op": "m", (2)
        "ts_ms": 1559033904961 (3)
        "message": { (4)
            "prefix": "foo",
            "content": "Ymfy"
    }
}

Table 10. Descriptions of *message* event value fields
Item	Field name	Description
1	`source`	Mandatory field that describes the source metadata for the event. In a message event value, the `source` field structure will not have `table` or `schema` information for any message events and will only have `txId` if the message event is transactional. Debezium version Connector type and name Database name Schema name (always `""` for mesage events) Table name (always `""` for message events) If the event was part of a snapshot (always `false` for message events) ID of the transaction in which the operation was performed (`null` for non-transactional message events) Offset of the operation in the database log Transactional messages: Timestamp for when the message was inserted into the WAL Non-Transactional messages; Timestamp for when the connector encounters the message
2	`op`	Mandatory string that describes the type of operation. The `op` field value is `m`, signifying that this is a message event.
3	`ts_ms`	Optional field that displays the time at which the connector processed the event. The time is based on the system clock in the JVM running the Kafka Connect task. For transactional message events, the `ts_ms` attribute of the `source` object indicates the time that the change was made in the database for transactional message events. By comparing the value for `payload.source.ts_ms` with the value for `payload.ts_ms`, you can determine the lag between the source database update and Debezium. For non-transactional message events, the `source` object’s `ts_ms` indicates time at which the connector encounters the message event, while the `payload.ts_ms` indicates the time at which the connector processed the event. This difference is due to the fact that the commit timestamp is not present in Postgres’s generic logical message format and non-transactional logical messages are not preceded by a `BEGIN` event (which has timestamp information).
4	`message`	Field that contains the message metadata Prefix (text) Content (byte array that is encoded based on the binary handling mode setting)

Data type mappings

The PostgreSQL connector represents changes to rows with events that are structured like the table in which the row exists. The event contains a field for each column value. How that value is represented in the event depends on the PostgreSQL data type of the column. The following sections describe how the connector maps PostgreSQL data types to a literal type and a semantic type in event fields.

literal type describes how the value is literally represented using Kafka Connect schema types: INT8, INT16, INT32, INT64, FLOAT32, FLOAT64, BOOLEAN, STRING, BYTES, ARRAY, MAP, and STRUCT.
semantic type describes how the Kafka Connect schema captures the meaning of the field using the name of the Kafka Connect schema for the field.

If the default data type conversions do not meet your needs, you can create a custom converter for the connector.

Basic types

The following table describes how the connector maps basic types.

Table 11. Mappings for PostgreSQL basic data types
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name) and Notes
`BOOLEAN`	`BOOLEAN`	n/a
`BIT(1)`	`BOOLEAN`	n/a
`BIT( > 1)`	`BYTES`	`io.debezium.data.Bits` The `length` schema parameter contains an integer that represents the number of bits. The resulting `byte[]` contains the bits in little-endian form and is sized to contain the specified number of bits. For example, `numBytes = n/8 + (n % 8 == 0 ? 0 : 1)` where `n` is the number of bits.
`BIT VARYING[(M)]`	`BYTES`	`io.debezium.data.Bits` The `length` schema parameter contains an integer that represents the number of bits (2^31 - 1 in case no length is given for the column). The resulting `byte[]` contains the bits in little-endian form and is sized based on the content. The specified size `(M)` is stored in the length parameter of the `io.debezium.data.Bits` type.
`SMALLINT`, `SMALLSERIAL`	`INT16`	n/a
`INTEGER`, `SERIAL`	`INT32`	n/a
`BIGINT`, `BIGSERIAL`, `OID`	`INT64`	n/a
`REAL`	`FLOAT32`	n/a
`DOUBLE PRECISION`	`FLOAT64`	n/a
`CHAR[(M)]`	`STRING`	n/a
`VARCHAR[(M)]`	`STRING`	n/a
`CHARACTER[(M)]`	`STRING`	n/a
`CHARACTER VARYING[(M)]`	`STRING`	n/a
`TIMESTAMPTZ`, `TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE`	`STRING`	`io.debezium.time.ZonedTimestamp` A string representation of a timestamp with timezone information, where the timezone is GMT.
`TIMETZ`, `TIME WITH TIME ZONE`	`STRING`	`io.debezium.time.ZonedTime` A string representation of a time value with timezone information, where the timezone is GMT.
`INTERVAL [P]`	`INT64`	`io.debezium.time.MicroDuration` (default) The approximate number of microseconds for a time interval using the `365.25 / 12.0` formula for days per month average.
`INTERVAL [P]`	`STRING`	`io.debezium.time.Interval` (when `interval.handling.mode` is set to `string`) The string representation of the interval value that follows the pattern `P<years>Y<months>M<days>DT<hours>H<minutes>M<seconds>S`, for example, `P1Y2M3DT4H5M6.78S`.
`BYTEA`	`BYTES` or `STRING`	n/a Either the raw bytes (the default), a base64-encoded string, or a hex-encoded string, based on the connector’s binary handling mode setting. Debezium only supports Postgres `bytea_output` configuration of value `hex`. See this documentation on Postgres binary data types.
`JSON`, `JSONB`	`STRING`	`io.debezium.data.Json` Contains the string representation of a JSON document, array, or scalar.
`XML`	`STRING`	`io.debezium.data.Xml` Contains the string representation of an XML document.
`UUID`	`STRING`	`io.debezium.data.Uuid` Contains the string representation of a PostgreSQL UUID value.
`POINT`	`STRUCT`	`io.debezium.data.geometry.Point` Contains a structure with two `FLOAT64` fields, `(x,y)`. Each field represents the coordinates of a geometric point.
`LTREE`	`STRING`	`io.debezium.data.Ltree` Contains the string representation of a PostgreSQL LTREE value.
`CITEXT`	`STRING`	n/a
`INET`	`STRING`	n/a
`INT4RANGE`	`STRING`	n/a Range of integer.
`INT8RANGE`	`STRING`	n/a Range of `bigint`.
`NUMRANGE`	`STRING`	n/a Range of `numeric`.
`TSRANGE`	`STRING`	n/a Contains the string representation of a timestamp range without a time zone.
`TSTZRANGE`	`STRING`	n/a Contains the string representation of a timestamp range with the local system time zone.
`DATERANGE`	`STRING`	n/a Contains the string representation of a date range. It always has an exclusive upper-bound.
`ENUM`	`STRING`	`io.debezium.data.Enum` Contains the string representation of the PostgreSQL `ENUM` value. The set of allowed values is maintained in the `allowed` schema parameter.

Temporal types

Other than PostgreSQL’s TIMESTAMPTZ and TIMETZ data types, which contain time zone information, how temporal types are mapped depends on the value of the time.precision.mode connector configuration property. The following sections describe these mappings:

time.precision.mode=adaptive
time.precision.mode=adaptive_time_microseconds
time.precision.mode=connect

time.precision.mode=adaptive

When the time.precision.mode property is set to adaptive, the default, the connector determines the literal type and semantic type based on the column’s data type definition. This ensures that events exactly represent the values in the database.

Table 12. Mappings when `time.precision.mode` is `adaptive`
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name) and Notes
`DATE`	`INT32`	`io.debezium.time.Date` Represents the number of days since the epoch.
`TIME(1)`, `TIME(2)`, `TIME(3)`	`INT32`	`io.debezium.time.Time` Represents the number of milliseconds past midnight, and does not include timezone information.
`TIME(4)`, `TIME(5)`, `TIME(6)`	`INT64`	`io.debezium.time.MicroTime` Represents the number of microseconds past midnight, and does not include timezone information.
`TIMESTAMP(1)`, `TIMESTAMP(2)`, `TIMESTAMP(3)`	`INT64`	`io.debezium.time.Timestamp` Represents the number of milliseconds since the epoch, and does not include timezone information.
`TIMESTAMP(4)`, `TIMESTAMP(5)`, `TIMESTAMP(6)`, `TIMESTAMP`	`INT64`	`io.debezium.time.MicroTimestamp` Represents the number of microseconds since the epoch, and does not include timezone information.

time.precision.mode=adaptive_time_microseconds

When the time.precision.mode configuration property is set to adaptive_time_microseconds, the connector determines the literal type and semantic type for temporal types based on the column’s data type definition. This ensures that events exactly represent the values in the database, except all TIME fields are captured as microseconds.

Table 13. Mappings when `time.precision.mode` is `adaptive_time_microseconds`
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name) and Notes
`DATE`	`INT32`	`io.debezium.time.Date` Represents the number of days since the epoch.
`TIME([P])`	`INT64`	`io.debezium.time.MicroTime` Represents the time value in microseconds and does not include timezone information. PostgreSQL allows precision `P` to be in the range 0-6 to store up to microsecond precision.
`TIMESTAMP(1)` , `TIMESTAMP(2)`, `TIMESTAMP(3)`	`INT64`	`io.debezium.time.Timestamp` Represents the number of milliseconds past the epoch, and does not include timezone information.
`TIMESTAMP(4)` , `TIMESTAMP(5)`, `TIMESTAMP(6)`, `TIMESTAMP`	`INT64`	`io.debezium.time.MicroTimestamp` Represents the number of microseconds past the epoch, and does not include timezone information.

time.precision.mode=connect

When the time.precision.mode configuration property is set to connect, the connector uses Kafka Connect logical types. This may be useful when consumers can handle only the built-in Kafka Connect logical types and are unable to handle variable-precision time values. However, since PostgreSQL supports microsecond precision, the events generated by a connector with the connect time precision mode results in a loss of precision when the database column has a fractional second precision value that is greater than 3.

Table 14. Mappings when `time.precision.mode` is `connect`
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name) and Notes
`DATE`	`INT32`	`org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Date` Represents the number of days since the epoch.
`TIME([P])`	`INT64`	`org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Time` Represents the number of milliseconds since midnight, and does not include timezone information. PostgreSQL allows `P` to be in the range 0-6 to store up to microsecond precision, though this mode results in a loss of precision when `P` is greater than 3.
`TIMESTAMP([P])`	`INT64`	`org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Timestamp` Represents the number of milliseconds since the epoch, and does not include timezone information. PostgreSQL allows `P` to be in the range 0-6 to store up to microsecond precision, though this mode results in a loss of precision when `P` is greater than 3.

TIMESTAMP type

The TIMESTAMP type represents a timestamp without time zone information. Such columns are converted into an equivalent Kafka Connect value based on UTC. For example, the TIMESTAMP value "2018-06-20 15:13:16.945104" is represented by an io.debezium.time.MicroTimestamp with the value "1529507596945104" when time.precision.mode is not set to connect.

The timezone of the JVM running Kafka Connect and Debezium does not affect this conversion.

PostgreSQL supports using +/-infinite values in TIMESTAMP columns. These special values are converted to timestamps with value 9223372036825200000 in case of positive infinity or -9223372036832400000 in case of negative infinity. This behaviour mimics the standard behaviour of PostgreSQL JDBC driver - see org.postgresql.PGStatement interface for reference.

Decimal types

The setting of the PostgreSQL connector configuration property decimal.handling.mode determines how the connector maps decimal types.

When the decimal.handling.mode property is set to precise, the connector uses the Kafka Connect org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Decimal logical type for all DECIMAL, NUMERIC and MONEY columns. This is the default mode.

Table 15. Mappings when `decimal.handling.mode` is `precise`
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name) and Notes
`NUMERIC[(M[,D])]`	`BYTES`	`org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Decimal` The `scale` schema parameter contains an integer representing how many digits the decimal point was shifted.
`DECIMAL[(M[,D])]`	`BYTES`	`org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Decimal` The `scale` schema parameter contains an integer representing how many digits the decimal point was shifted.
`MONEY[(M[,D])]`	`BYTES`	`org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Decimal` The `scale` schema parameter contains an integer representing how many digits the decimal point was shifted. The `scale` schema parameter is determined by the `money.fraction.digits` connector configuration property.

There is an exception to this rule. When the NUMERIC or DECIMAL types are used without scale constraints, the values coming from the database have a different (variable) scale for each value. In this case, the connector uses io.debezium.data.VariableScaleDecimal, which contains both the value and the scale of the transferred value.

Table 16. Mappings of `DECIMAL` and `NUMERIC` types when there are no scale constraints
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name) and Notes
`NUMERIC`	`STRUCT`	`io.debezium.data.VariableScaleDecimal` Contains a structure with two fields: `scale` of type `INT32` that contains the scale of the transferred value and `value` of type `BYTES` containing the original value in an unscaled form.
`DECIMAL`	`STRUCT`	`io.debezium.data.VariableScaleDecimal` Contains a structure with two fields: `scale` of type `INT32` that contains the scale of the transferred value and `value` of type `BYTES` containing the original value in an unscaled form.

When the decimal.handling.mode property is set to double, the connector represents all DECIMAL, NUMERIC and MONEY values as Java double values and encodes them as shown in the following table.

Table 17. Mappings when `decimal.handling.mode` is `double`
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name)
`NUMERIC[(M[,D])]`	`FLOAT64`
`DECIMAL[(M[,D])]`	`FLOAT64`
`MONEY[(M[,D])]`	`FLOAT64`

The last possible setting for the decimal.handling.mode configuration property is string. In this case, the connector represents DECIMAL, NUMERIC and MONEY values as their formatted string representation, and encodes them as shown in the following table.

Table 18. Mappings when `decimal.handling.mode` is `string`
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name)
`NUMERIC[(M[,D])]`	`STRING`
`DECIMAL[(M[,D])]`	`STRING`
`MONEY[(M[,D])]`	`STRING`

PostgreSQL supports NaN (not a number) as a special value to be stored in DECIMAL/NUMERIC values when the setting of decimal.handling.mode is string or double. In this case, the connector encodes NaN as either Double.NaN or the string constant NAN.

HSTORE type

The setting of the PostgreSQL connector configuration property hstore.handling.mode determines how the connector maps HSTORE values.

When the dhstore.handling.mode property is set to json (the default), the connector represents HSTORE values as string representations of JSON values and encodes them as shown in the following table. When the hstore.handling.mode property is set to map, the connector uses the MAP schema type for HSTORE values.

Table 19. Mappings for `HSTORE` data type
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name) and Notes
`HSTORE`	`STRING`	`io.debezium.data.Json` Example: output representation using the JSON converter is `{"key" : "val"}`
`HSTORE`	`MAP`	n/a Example: output representation using the JSON converter is `{"key" : "val"}`

Domain types

PostgreSQL supports user-defined types that are based on other underlying types. When such column types are used, Debezium exposes the column’s representation based on the full type hierarchy.

Capturing changes in columns that use PostgreSQL domain types requires special consideration. When a column is defined to contain a domain type that extends one of the default database types and the domain type defines a custom length or scale, the generated schema inherits that defined length or scale.

When a column is defined to contain a domain type that extends another domain type that defines a custom length or scale, the generated schema does not inherit the defined length or scale because that information is not available in the PostgreSQL driver’s column metadata.

Network address types

PostgreSQL has data types that can store IPv4, IPv6, and MAC addresses. It is better to use these types instead of plain text types to store network addresses. Network address types offer input error checking and specialized operators and functions.

Table 20. Mappings for network address types
PostgreSQL data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name) and Notes
`INET`	`STRING`	n/a IPv4 and IPv6 networks
`CIDR`	`STRING`	n/a IPv4 and IPv6 hosts and networks
`MACADDR`	`STRING`	n/a MAC addresses
`MACADDR8`	`STRING`	n/a MAC addresses in EUI-64 format

PostGIS types

The PostgreSQL connector supports all PostGIS data types.

Table 21. Mappings of PostGIS data types
PostGIS data type	Literal type (schema type)	Semantic type (schema name) and Notes
`GEOMETRY` (planar)	`STRUCT`	`io.debezium.data.geometry.Geometry` Contains a structure with two fields: `srid (INT32)` - Spatial Reference System Identifier that defines what type of geometry object is stored in the structure. `wkb (BYTES)` - A binary representation of the geometry object encoded in the Well-Known-Binary format. For format details, see Open Geospatial Consortium Simple Features Access specification.
`GEOGRAPHY` (spherical)	`STRUCT`	`io.debezium.data.geometry.Geography` Contains a structure with two fields: `srid (INT32)` - Spatial Reference System Identifier that defines what type of geography object is stored in the structure. `wkb (BYTES)` - A binary representation of the geometry object encoded in the Well-Known-Binary format. For format details, see Open Geospatial Consortium Simple Features Access specification.

Toasted values

PostgreSQL has a hard limit on the page size. This means that values that are larger than around 8 KBs need to be stored by using TOAST storage. This impacts replication messages that are coming from the database. Values that were stored by using the TOAST mechanism and that have not been changed are not included in the message, unless they are part of the table’s replica identity. There is no safe way for Debezium to read the missing value out-of-bands directly from the database, as this would potentially lead to race conditions. Consequently, Debezium follows these rules to handle toasted values:

Tables with REPLICA IDENTITY FULL - TOAST column values are part of the before and after fields in change events just like any other column.
Tables with REPLICA IDENTITY DEFAULT - When receiving an UPDATE event from the database, any unchanged TOAST column value that is not part of the replica identity is not contained in the event. Similarly, when receiving a DELETE event, no TOAST columns, if any, are in the before field. As Debezium cannot safely provide the column value in this case, the connector returns a placeholder value as defined by the connector configuration property, unavailable.value.placeholder.

Default values

If a default value is specified for a column in the database schema, the PostgreSQL connector will attempt to propagate this value to the Kafka schema whenever possible. Most common data types are supported, including:

BOOLEAN
Numeric types (INT, FLOAT, NUMERIC, etc.)
Text types (CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, etc.)
Temporal types (DATE, TIME, INTERVAL, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMPTZ)
JSON, JSONB, XML
UUID

Note that for temporal types, parsing of the default value is provided by PostgreSQL libraries; therefore, any string representation which is normally supported by PostgreSQL should also be supported by the connector.

In the case that the default value is generated by a function rather than being directly specified in-line, the connector will instead export the equivalent of 0 for the given data type. These values include:

FALSE for BOOLEAN
0 with appropriate precision, for numeric types
Empty string for text/XML types
{} for JSON types
1970-01-01 for DATE, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMPTZ types
00:00 for TIME
EPOCH for INTERVAL
00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 for UUID

This support currently extends only to explicit usage of functions. For example, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(6) is supported with parentheses, but CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is not.

Support for the propagation of default values exists primarily to allow for safe schema evolution when using the PostgreSQL connector with a schema registry which enforces compatibility between schema versions. Due to this primary concern, as well as the refresh behaviours of the different plug-ins, the default value present in the Kafka schema is not guaranteed to always be in-sync with the default value in the database schema.

Default values may appear 'late' in the Kafka schema, depending on when/how a given plugin triggers refresh of the in-memory schema. Values may never appear/be skipped in the Kafka schema if the default changes multiple times in-between refreshes
Default values may appear 'early' in the Kafka schema, if a schema refresh is triggered while the connector has records waiting to be processed. This is due to the column metadata being read from the database at refresh time, rather than being present in the replication message. This may occur if the connector is behind and a refresh occurs, or on connector start if the connector was stopped for a time while updates continued to be written to the source database.

This behaviour may be unexpected, but it is still safe. Only the schema definition is affected, while the real values present in the message will remain consistent with what was written to the source database.

Setting up Postgres

Before using the PostgreSQL connector to monitor the changes committed on a PostgreSQL server, decide which logical decoding plug-in you intend to use. If you plan not to use the native pgoutput logical replication stream support, then you must install the logical decoding plug-in into the PostgreSQL server. Afterward, enable a replication slot, and configure a user with sufficient privileges to perform the replication.

If your database is hosted by a service such as Heroku Postgres you might be unable to install the plug-in. If so, and if you are using PostgreSQL 10+, you can use the pgoutput decoder support to capture changes in your database. If that is not an option, you are unable to use Debezium with your database.

PostgreSQL in the Cloud

PostgreSQL on Amazon RDS

It is possible to capture changes in a PostgreSQL database that is running in Amazon RDS. To do this:

Set the instance parameter rds.logical_replication to 1.
Verify that the wal_level parameter is set to logical by running the query SHOW wal_level as the database RDS master user. This might not be the case in multi-zone replication setups. You cannot set this option manually. It is automatically changed when the rds.logical_replication parameter is set to 1. If the wal_level is not set to logical after you make the preceding change, it is probably because the instance has to be restarted after the parameter group change. Restarts occur during your maintenance window, or you can initiate a restart manually.
Set the Debezium plugin.name parameter to pgoutput.
Initiate logical replication from an AWS account that has the rds_replication role. The role grants permissions to manage logical slots and to stream data using logical slots. By default, only the master user account on AWS has the rds_replication role on Amazon RDS. To enable a user account other than the master account to initiate logical replication, you must grant the account the rds_replication role. For example, grant rds_replication to <my_user>. You must have superuser access to grant the rds_replication role to a user. To enable accounts other than the master account to create an initial snapshot, you must grant SELECT permission to the accounts on the tables to be captured. For more information about security for PostgreSQL logical replication, see the PostgreSQL documentation.

PostgreSQL on Azure

It is possible to use Debezium with Azure Database for PostgreSQL, which has support for the pgoutput logical decoding plug-in, which is supported by Debezium.

Set the Azure replication support to logical. You can use the Azure CLI or the Azure Portal to configure this. For example, to use the Azure CLI, here are the az postgres server commands that you need to execute:

az postgres server configuration set --resource-group mygroup --server-name myserver --name azure.replication_support --value logical

az postgres server restart --resource-group mygroup --name myserver

PostgreSQL on CrunchyBridge

It is possible to use Debezium with CrunchyBridge; logical replication is already turned on. The pgoutput plugin is available. You will have to create a replication user and provide correct privileges.

While using the pgoutput plug-in, it is recommended that you configure filtered as the publication.autocreate.mode. If you use all_tables, which is the default value for publication.autocreate.mode, and the publication is not found, the connector tries to create one by using CREATE PUBLICATION <publication_name> FOR ALL TABLES;, but this fails due to lack of permissions.

Installing the logical decoding output plug-in

See Logical Decoding Output Plug-in Installation for PostgreSQL for more detailed instructions for setting up and testing logical decoding plug-ins.

As of PostgreSQL 9.4, the only way to read changes to the write-ahead-log is to install a logical decoding output plug-in. Plug-ins are written in C, compiled, and installed on the machine that runs the PostgreSQL server. Plug-ins use a number of PostgreSQL specific APIs, as described by the PostgreSQL documentation.

The PostgreSQL connector works with one of Debezium’s supported logical decoding plug-ins to receive change events from the database in either the Protobuf format or the pgoutput format. The pgoutput plugin comes out-of-the-box with the PostgreSQL database. For more details on using Protobuf via the decoderbufs plug-in, see the plug-in documentation which discusses its requirements, limitations, and how to compile it.

For simplicity, Debezium also provides a container image based on the upstream PostgreSQL server image, on top of which it compiles and installs the plug-ins. You can use this image as an example of the detailed steps required for the installation.

The Debezium logical decoding plug-ins have been installed and tested on only Linux machines. For Windows and other operating systems, different installation steps might be required.

Plug-in differences

Plug-in behavior is not completely the same for all cases. These differences have been identified:

While all plug-ins will refresh schema metadata from the database upon detection of a schema change during streaming, the pgoutput plug-in is somewhat more 'eager' about triggering such refreshes. For example, a change to the default value for a column will trigger a refresh with pgoutput, while other plug-ins will not be aware of this change until another change triggers a refresh (eg. addition of a new column.) This is due to the behaviour of pgoutput, rather than Debezium itself.

All up-to-date differences are tracked in a test suite Java class.

Configuring the PostgreSQL server

If you are using a logical decoding plug-in other than pgoutput, after installing it, configure the PostgreSQL server as follows:

To load the plug-in at startup, add the following to the postgresql.conf file::
```
# MODULES
shared_preload_libraries = 'decoderbufs' (1)
```
1 Instructs the server to load the decoderbufs logical decoding plug-ins at startup (the name of the plug-in is set in the Protobuf make file).
To configure the replication slot regardless of the decoder being used, specify the following in the postgresql.conf file:
```
# REPLICATION
wal_level = logical             (1)
```
1 Instructs the server to use logical decoding with the write-ahead log.

Depending on your requirements, you may have to set other PostgreSQL streaming replication parameters when using Debezium. Examples include max_wal_senders and max_replication_slots for increasing the number of connectors that can access the sending server concurrently, and wal_keep_size for limiting the maximum WAL size which a replication slot will retain. For more information about configuring streaming replication, see the PostgreSQL documentation.

Debezium uses PostgreSQL’s logical decoding, which uses replication slots. Replication slots are guaranteed to retain all WAL segments required for Debezium even during Debezium outages. For this reason, it is important to closely monitor replication slots to avoid too much disk consumption and other conditions that can happen such as catalog bloat if a replication slot stays unused for too long. For more information, see the PostgreSQL streaming replication documentation.

If you are working with a synchronous_commit setting other than on, the recommendation is to set wal_writer_delay to a value such as 10 milliseconds to achieve a low latency of change events. Otherwise, its default value is applied, which adds a latency of about 200 milliseconds.

Reading and understanding PostgreSQL documentation about the mechanics and configuration of the PostgreSQL write-ahead log is strongly recommended.

Setting up permissions

Setting up a PostgreSQL server to run a Debezium connector requires a database user that can perform replications. Replication can be performed only by a database user that has appropriate permissions and only for a configured number of hosts.

Although, by default, superusers have the necessary REPLICATION and LOGIN roles, as mentioned in Security, it is best not to provide the Debezium replication user with elevated privileges. Instead, create a Debezium user that has the the minimum required privileges.

Prerequisites

PostgreSQL administrative permissions.

Procedure

To provide a user with replication permissions, define a PostgreSQL role that has at least the REPLICATION and LOGIN permissions, and then grant that role to the user. For example:
```
CREATE ROLE <name> REPLICATION LOGIN;
```

Setting privileges to enable Debezium to create PostgreSQL publications when you use `pgoutput`

If you use pgoutput as the logical decoding plugin, Debezium must operate in the database as a user with specific privileges.

Debezium streams change events for PostgreSQL source tables from publications that are created for the tables. Publications contain a filtered set of change events that are generated from one or more tables. The data in each publication is filtered based on the publication specification. The specification can be created by the PostgreSQL database administrator or by the Debezium connector. To permit the Debezium PostgreSQL connector to create publications and specify the data to replicate to them, the connector must operate with specific privileges in the database.

There are several options for determining how publications are created. In general, it is best to manually create publications for the tables that you want to capture, before you set up the connector. However, you can configure your environment in a way that permits Debezium to create publications automatically, and to specify the data that is added to them.

Debezium uses include list and exclude list properties to specify how data is inserted in the publication. For more information about the options for enabling Debezium to create publications, see publication.autocreate.mode.

For Debezium to create a PostgreSQL publication, it must run as a user that has the following privileges:

Replication privileges in the database to add the table to a publication.
CREATE privileges on the database to add publications.
SELECT privileges on the tables to copy the initial table data. Table owners automatically have SELECT permission for the table.

To add tables to a publication, the user be an owner of the table. But because the source table already exists, you need a mechanism to share ownership with the original owner. To enable shared ownership, you create a PostgreSQL replication group, and then add the existing table owner and the replication user to the group.

Procedure

Create a replication group.
```
CREATE ROLE <replication_group>;
```
Add the original owner of the table to the group.
```
GRANT REPLICATION_GROUP TO <original_owner>;
```

Add the Debezium replication user to the group.

GRANT REPLICATION_GROUP TO <replication_user>;

Transfer ownership of the table to <replication_group>.

ALTER TABLE <table_name> OWNER TO REPLICATION_GROUP;

For Debezium to specify the capture configuration, the value of publication.autocreate.mode must be set to filtered.

Configuring PostgreSQL to allow replication with the Debezium connector host

To enable Debezium to replicate PostgreSQL data, you must configure the database to permit replication with the host that runs the PostgreSQL connector. To specify the clients that are permitted to replicate with the database, add entries to the PostgreSQL host-based authentication file, pg_hba.conf. For more information about the pg_hba.conf file, see the PostgreSQL documentation.

Procedure

Add entries to the pg_hba.conf file to specify the Debezium connector hosts that can replicate with the database host. For example,

pg_hba.conf file example:

local   replication     <youruser>                          trust   (1)
host    replication     <youruser>  127.0.0.1/32            trust   (2)
host    replication     <youruser>  ::1/128                 trust   (3)

1	Instructs the server to allow replication for `<youruser>` locally, that is, on the server machine.
2	Instructs the server to allow `<youruser>` on `localhost` to receive replication changes using `IPV4`.
3	Instructs the server to allow `<youruser>` on `localhost` to receive replication changes using `IPV6`.

For more information about network masks, see the PostgreSQL documentation.

Supported PostgreSQL topologies

The PostgreSQL connector can be used with a standalone PostgreSQL server or with a cluster of PostgreSQL servers.

As mentioned in the beginning, PostgreSQL (for all versions ⇐ 12) supports logical replication slots on only primary servers. This means that a replica in a PostgreSQL cluster cannot be configured for logical replication, and consequently that the Debezium PostgreSQL connector can connect and communicate with only the primary server. Should this server fail, the connector stops. When the cluster is repaired, if the original primary server is once again promoted to primary, you can restart the connector. However, if a different PostgreSQL server with the plug-in and proper configuration is promoted to primary, you must change the connector configuration to point to the new primary server and then you can restart the connector.

WAL disk space consumption

In certain cases, it is possible for PostgreSQL disk space consumed by WAL files to spike or increase out of usual proportions. There are several possible reasons for this situation:

The LSN up to which the connector has received data is available in the confirmed_flush_lsn column of the server’s pg_replication_slots view. Data that is older than this LSN is no longer available, and the database is responsible for reclaiming the disk space.

Also in the pg_replication_slots view, the restart_lsn column contains the LSN of the oldest WAL that the connector might require. If the value for confirmed_flush_lsn is regularly increasing and the value of restart_lsn lags then the database needs to reclaim the space.

The database typically reclaims disk space in batch blocks. This is expected behavior and no action by a user is necessary.
There are many updates in a database that is being tracked but only a tiny number of updates are related to the table(s) and schema(s) for which the connector is capturing changes. This situation can be easily solved with periodic heartbeat events. Set the heartbeat.interval.ms connector configuration property.
The PostgreSQL instance contains multiple databases and one of them is a high-traffic database. Debezium captures changes in another database that is low-traffic in comparison to the other database. Debezium then cannot confirm the LSN as replication slots work per-database and Debezium is not invoked. As WAL is shared by all databases, the amount used tends to grow until an event is emitted by the database for which Debezium is capturing changes. To overcome this, it is necessary to:
- Enable periodic heartbeat record generation with the heartbeat.interval.ms connector configuration property.
- Regularly emit change events from the database for which Debezium is capturing changes.
A separate process would then periodically update the table by either inserting a new row or repeatedly updating the same row. PostgreSQL then invokes Debezium, which confirms the latest LSN and allows the database to reclaim the WAL space. This task can be automated by means of the heartbeat.action.query connector configuration property.

For users on AWS RDS with PostgreSQL, a situation similar to the high traffic/low traffic scenario can occur in an idle environment. AWS RDS causes writes to its own system tables to be invisible to clients on a frequent basis (5 minutes). Again, regularly emitting events solves the problem.

Deployment

To deploy a Debezium PostgreSQL connector, you install the Debezium PostgreSQL connector archive, configure the connector, and start the connector by adding its configuration to Kafka Connect.

Prerequisites

Zookeeper, Kafka, and Kafka Connect are installed.
PostgreSQL is installed and is set up to run the Debezium connector.

Procedure

Download the Debezium PostgreSQL connector plug-in archive.
Extract the files into your Kafka Connect environment.
Add the directory with the JAR files to Kafka Connect’s plugin.path.
Restart your Kafka Connect process to pick up the new JAR files.

If you are working with immutable containers, see Debezium’s Container images for Zookeeper, Kafka, PostgreSQL and Kafka Connect with the PostgreSQL connector already installed and ready to run. You can also run Debezium on Kubernetes and OpenShift.

Connector configuration example

Following is an example of the configuration for a PostgreSQL connector that connects to a PostgreSQL server on port 5432 at 192.168.99.100, whose logical name is fulfillment. Typically, you configure the Debezium PostgreSQL connector in a JSON file by setting the configuration properties available for the connector.

You can choose to produce events for a subset of the schemas and tables in a database. Optionally, you can ignore, mask, or truncate columns that contain sensitive data, are larger than a specified size, or that you do not need.

{
  "name": "fulfillment-connector",  (1)
  "config": {
    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector", (2)
    "database.hostname": "192.168.99.100", (3)
    "database.port": "5432", (4)
    "database.user": "postgres", (5)
    "database.password": "postgres", (6)
    "database.dbname" : "postgres", (7)
    "database.server.name": "fulfillment", (8)
    "table.include.list": "public.inventory" (9)

  }
}

1	The name of the connector when registered with a Kafka Connect service.
2	The name of this PostgreSQL connector class.
3	The address of the PostgreSQL server.
4	The port number of the PostgreSQL server.
5	The name of the PostgreSQL user that has the required privileges.
6	The password for the PostgreSQL user that has the required privileges.
7	The name of the PostgreSQL database to connect to
8	The logical name of the PostgreSQL server/cluster, which forms a namespace and is used in all the names of the Kafka topics to which the connector writes, the Kafka Connect schema names, and the namespaces of the corresponding Avro schema when the Avro converter is used.
9	A list of all tables hosted by this server that this connector will monitor. This is optional, and there are other properties for listing the schemas and tables to include or exclude from monitoring.

See the complete list of PostgreSQL connector properties that can be specified in these configurations.

You can send this configuration with a POST command to a running Kafka Connect service. The service records the configuration and starts one connector task that performs the following actions:

Connects to the PostgreSQL database.
Reads the transaction log.
Streams change event records to Kafka topics.

Adding connector configuration

To run a Debezium PostgreSQL connector, create a connector configuration and add the configuration to your Kafka Connect cluster.

Prerequisites

PostgreSQL is configured to support logical replication.
The logical decoding plug-in is installed.
The PostgreSQL connector is installed.

Procedure

Create a configuration for the PostgreSQL connector.
Use the Kafka Connect REST API to add that connector configuration to your Kafka Connect cluster.

Results

After the connector starts, it performs a consistent snapshot of the PostgreSQL server databases that the connector is configured for. The connector then starts generating data change events for row-level operations and streaming change event records to Kafka topics.

Connector configuration properties

The Debezium PostgreSQL connector has many configuration properties that you can use to achieve the right connector behavior for your application. Many properties have default values. Information about the properties is organized as follows:

Required configuration properties
Advanced configuration properties
Pass-through configuration properties

The following configuration properties are required unless a default value is available.

Property Default Description

name

No default

Unique name for the connector. Attempting to register again with the same name will fail. This property is required by all Kafka Connect connectors.

connector.class

No default

The name of the Java class for the connector. Always use a value of io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector for the PostgreSQL connector.

tasks.max

1

The maximum number of tasks that should be created for this connector. The PostgreSQL connector always uses a single task and therefore does not use this value, so the default is always acceptable.

plugin.name

decoderbufs

The name of the PostgreSQL logical decoding plug-in installed on the PostgreSQL server.

Supported values are decoderbufs, and pgoutput.

The wal2json plug-in is deprecated and scheduled for removal.

slot.name

debezium

The name of the PostgreSQL logical decoding slot that was created for streaming changes from a particular plug-in for a particular database/schema. The server uses this slot to stream events to the Debezium connector that you are configuring.

Slot names must conform to PostgreSQL replication slot naming rules, which state: "Each replication slot has a name, which can contain lower-case letters, numbers, and the underscore character."

slot.drop.on.stop

false

Whether or not to delete the logical replication slot when the connector stops in a graceful, expected way. The default behavior is that the replication slot remains configured for the connector when the connector stops. When the connector restarts, having the same replication slot enables the connector to start processing where it left off.

Set to true in only testing or development environments. Dropping the slot allows the database to discard WAL segments. When the connector restarts it performs a new snapshot or it can continue from a persistent offset in the Kafka Connect offsets topic.

publication.name

dbz_publication

The name of the PostgreSQL publication created for streaming changes when using pgoutput.

This publication is created at start-up if it does not already exist and it includes all tables. Debezium then applies its own include/exclude list filtering, if configured, to limit the publication to change events for the specific tables of interest. The connector user must have superuser permissions to create this publication, so it is usually preferable to create the publication before starting the connector for the first time.

If the publication already exists, either for all tables or configured with a subset of tables, Debezium uses the publication as it is defined.

database.hostname

No default

IP address or hostname of the PostgreSQL database server.

database.port

5432

Integer port number of the PostgreSQL database server.

database.user

No default

Name of the PostgreSQL database user for connecting to the PostgreSQL database server.

database.password

No default

Password to use when connecting to the PostgreSQL database server.

database.dbname

No default

The name of the PostgreSQL database from which to stream the changes.

database.server.name

No default

Logical name that identifies and provides a namespace for the particular PostgreSQL database server or cluster in which Debezium is capturing changes. The logical name should be unique across all other connectors, since it is used as a topic name prefix for all Kafka topics that receive records from this connector. Only alphanumeric characters, hyphens, dots and underscores must be used in the database server logical name.

Do not change the value of this property. If you change the name value, after a restart, instead of continuing to emit events to the original topics, the connector emits subsequent events to topics whose names are based on the new value.

schema.include.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match names of schemas for which you want to capture changes. Any schema name not included in schema.include.list is excluded from having its changes captured. By default, all non-system schemas have their changes captured. Do not also set the schema.exclude.list property.

schema.exclude.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match names of schemas for which you do not want to capture changes. Any schema whose name is not included in schema.exclude.list has its changes captured, with the exception of system schemas. Do not also set the schema.include.list property.

table.include.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match fully-qualified table identifiers for tables whose changes you want to capture. Any table not included in table.include.list does not have its changes captured. Each identifier is of the form schemaName.tableName. By default, the connector captures changes in every non-system table in each schema whose changes are being captured. Do not also set the table.exclude.list property.

table.exclude.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match fully-qualified table identifiers for tables whose changes you do not want to capture. Any table not included in table.exclude.list has it changes captured. Each identifier is of the form schemaName.tableName. Do not also set the table.include.list property.

column.include.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names of columns that should be included in change event record values. Fully-qualified names for columns are of the form schemaName.tableName.columnName. Do not also set the column.exclude.list property.

column.exclude.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names of columns that should be excluded from change event record values. Fully-qualified names for columns are of the form schemaName.tableName.columnName. Do not also set the column.include.list property.

time.precision.mode

adaptive

Time, date, and timestamps can be represented with different kinds of precision:

adaptive captures the time and timestamp values exactly as in the database using either millisecond, microsecond, or nanosecond precision values based on the database column’s type.

adaptive_time_microseconds captures the date, datetime and timestamp values exactly as in the database using either millisecond, microsecond, or nanosecond precision values based on the database column’s type. An exception is TIME type fields, which are always captured as microseconds.

connect always represents time and timestamp values by using Kafka Connect’s built-in representations for Time, Date, and Timestamp, which use millisecond precision regardless of the database columns' precision. See temporal values.

decimal.handling.mode

precise

Specifies how the connector should handle values for DECIMAL and NUMERIC columns:

precise represents values by using java.math.BigDecimal to represent values in binary form in change events.

double represents values by using double values, which might result in a loss of precision but which is easier to use.

string encodes values as formatted strings, which are easy to consume but semantic information about the real type is lost. See Decimal types.

hstore.handling.mode

map

Specifies how the connector should handle values for hstore columns:

map represents values by using MAP.

json represents values by using json string. This setting encodes values as formatted strings such as {"key" : "val"}. See PostgreSQL HSTORE type.

interval.handling.mode

numeric

Specifies how the connector should handle values for interval columns:

numeric represents intervals using approximate number of microseconds.

string represents intervals exactly by using the string pattern representation P<years>Y<months>M<days>DT<hours>H<minutes>M<seconds>S. For example: P1Y2M3DT4H5M6.78S. See PostgreSQL basic types.

database.sslmode

disable

Whether to use an encrypted connection to the PostgreSQL server. Options include:

disable uses an unencrypted connection.

require uses a secure (encrypted) connection, and fails if one cannot be established.

verify-ca behaves like require but also verifies the server TLS certificate against the configured Certificate Authority (CA) certificates, or fails if no valid matching CA certificates are found.

verify-full behaves like verify-ca but also verifies that the server certificate matches the host to which the connector is trying to connect. See the PostgreSQL documentation for more information.

database.sslcert

No default

The path to the file that contains the SSL certificate for the client. See the PostgreSQL documentation for more information.

database.sslkey

No default

The path to the file that contains the SSL private key of the client. See the PostgreSQL documentation for more information.

database.sslpassword

No default

The password to access the client private key from the file specified by database.sslkey. See the PostgreSQL documentation for more information.

database.sslrootcert

No default

The path to the file that contains the root certificate(s) against which the server is validated. See the PostgreSQL documentation for more information.

database.tcpKeepAlive

true

Enable TCP keep-alive probe to verify that the database connection is still alive. See the PostgreSQL documentation for more information.

tombstones.on.delete

true

Controls whether a delete event is followed by a tombstone event.

true - a delete operation is represented by a delete event and a subsequent tombstone event.

false - only a delete event is emitted.

After a source record is deleted, emitting a tombstone event (the default behavior) allows Kafka to completely delete all events that pertain to the key of the deleted row in case log compaction is enabled for the topic.

column.truncate.to._length_.chars

n/a

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names of character-based columns. Fully-qualified names for columns are of the form schemaName.tableName.columnName. In change event records, values in these columns are truncated if they are longer than the number of characters specified by length in the property name. You can specify multiple properties with different lengths in a single configuration. Length must be a positive integer, for example, +column.truncate.to.20.chars.

column.mask.with._length_.chars

n/a

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names of character-based columns. Fully-qualified names for columns are of the form schemaName.tableName.columnName. In change event values, the values in the specified table columns are replaced with length number of asterisk (*) characters. You can specify multiple properties with different lengths in a single configuration. Length must be a positive integer or zero. When you specify zero, the connector replaces a value with an empty string.

column.mask.hash.hashAlgorithm.with.salt.salt; column.mask.hash.v2.hashAlgorithm.with.salt.salt

n/a

A pseudonym consists of the hashed value that results from applying the specified hashAlgorithm and salt. Based on the hash function that is used, referential integrity is maintained, while column values are replaced with pseudonyms. Supported hash functions are described in the MessageDigest section of the Java Cryptography Architecture Standard Algorithm Name Documentation.

In the following example, CzQMA0cB5K is a randomly selected salt.

column.mask.hash.SHA-256.with.salt.CzQMA0cB5K = inventory.orders.customerName, inventory.shipment.customerName

If necessary, the pseudonym is automatically shortened to the length of the column. The connector configuration can include multiple properties that specify different hash algorithms and salts.

Depending on the hashAlgorithm used, the salt selected, and the actual data set, the resulting data set might not be completely masked.

Hashing strategy version 2 should be used to ensure fidelity if the value is being hashed in different places or systems.

column.propagate.source.type

n/a

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names of columns. Fully-qualified names for columns are of the form databaseName.tableName.columnName, or databaseName.schemaName.tableName.columnName.

For each specified column, the connector adds the column’s original type and original length as parameters to the corresponding field schemas in the emitted change records. The following added schema parameters propagate the original type name and also the original length for variable-width types:

__debezium.source.column.type + __debezium.source.column.length + __debezium.source.column.scale

This property is useful for properly sizing corresponding columns in sink databases.

datatype.propagate.source.type

n/a

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the database-specific data type name for some columns. Fully-qualified data type names are of the form databaseName.tableName.typeName, or databaseName.schemaName.tableName.typeName.

For these data types, the connector adds parameters to the corresponding field schemas in emitted change records. The added parameters specify the original type and length of the column:

__debezium.source.column.type + __debezium.source.column.length + __debezium.source.column.scale

These parameters propagate a column’s original type name and length, for variable-width types, respectively. This property is useful for properly sizing corresponding columns in sink databases.

See the list of PostgreSQL-specific data type names.

message.key.columns

empty string

A list of expressions that specify the columns that the connector uses to form custom message keys for change event records that it publishes to the Kafka topics for specified tables.

By default, Debezium uses the primary key column of a table as the message key for records that it emits. In place of the default, or to specify a key for tables that lack a primary key, you can configure custom message keys based on one or more columns.

To establish a custom message key for a table, list the table, followed by the columns to use as the message key. Each list entry takes the following format:

<fully-qualified_tableName>:_<keyColumn>_,<keyColumn>

To base a table key on multiple column names, insert commas between the column names.

Each fully-qualified table name is a regular expression in the following format:

<schemaName>.<tableName>

The property can include entries for multiple tables. Use a semicolon to separate table entries in the list.

The following example sets the message key for the tables inventory.customers and purchase.orders:

inventory.customers:pk1,pk2;(.*).purchaseorders:pk3,pk4

For the table inventory.customer, the columns pk1 and pk2 are specified as the message key. For the purchaseorders tables in any schema, the columns pk3 and pk4 server as the message key.

There is no limit to the number of columns that you use to create custom message keys. However, it’s best to use the minimum number that are required to specify a unique key.

publication.autocreate.mode

all_tables

Applies only when streaming changes by using the pgoutput plug-in. The setting determines how creation of a publication should work. Possible settings are:

all_tables - If a publication exists, the connector uses it. If a publication does not exist, the connector creates a publication for all tables in the database for which the connector is capturing changes. This requires that the database user that has permission to perform replications also has permission to create a publication. This is granted with CREATE PUBLICATION <publication_name> FOR ALL TABLES;.

disabled - The connector does not attempt to create a publication. A database administrator or the user configured to perform replications must have created the publication before running the connector. If the connector cannot find the publication, the connector throws an exception and stops.

filtered - If a publication exists, the connector uses it. If no publication exists, the connector creates a new publication for tables that match the current filter configuration as specified by the database.exclude.list, schema.include.list, schema.exclude.list, and table.include.list connector configuration properties. For example: CREATE PUBLICATION <publication_name> FOR TABLE <tbl1, tbl2, tbl3>.

binary.handling.mode

bytes

Specifies how binary (bytea) columns should be represented in change events:

bytes represents binary data as byte array.

base64 represents binary data as base64-encoded strings.

hex represents binary data as hex-encoded (base16) strings.

schema.name.adjustment.mode

avro

Specifies how schema names should be adjusted for compatibility with the message converter used by the connector. Possible settings:

avro replaces the characters that cannot be used in the Avro type name with underscore.
none does not apply any adjustment.

truncate.handling.mode

skip

Specifies how whether TRUNCATE events should be propagated or not (only available when using the pgoutput plug-in with Postgres 11 or later):

skip causes those event to be omitted (the default).

include causes those events to be included.

For information about the structure of truncate events and about their ordering semantics, see truncate events.

This option is deprecated. Use skipped.operations in its place.

money.fraction.digits

2

Specifies how many decimal digits should be used when converting Postgres money type to java.math.BigDecimal, which represents the values in change events. Applicable only when decimal.handling.mode is set to precise.

message.prefix.include.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match names of logical decoding message prefixes for which you want to capture. Any logical decoding message with a prefix not included in message.prefix.include.list is excluded By default, all logical decoding messages are captured. Do not also set the message.prefix.exclude.list property.

For information about the structure of message events and about their ordering semantics, see message events.

message.prefix.exclude.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match names of logical decoding message prefixes for which you do not to capture. Any logical decoding message with a prefix that is not included in message.prefix.exclude.list is included. Do not also set the message.prefix.include.list property. To exclude all logical decoding messages pass .* into this config.

For information about the structure of message events and about their ordering semantics, see message events.

The following advanced configuration properties have defaults that work in most situations and therefore rarely need to be specified in the connector’s configuration.

Property Default Description

converters

No default

Enumerates a comma-separated list of the symbolic names of the custom converter instances that the connector can use. For example,

isbn

You must set the converters property to enable the connector to use a custom converter.

For each converter that you configure for a connector, you must also add a .type property, which specifies the fully-qualifed name of the class that implements the converter interface. The .type property uses the following format:

<converterSymbolicName>.type

For example,

isbn.type: io.debezium.test.IsbnConverter

If you want to further control the behavior of a configured converter, you can add one or more configuration parameters to pass values to the converter. To associate any additional configuration parameter with a converter, prefix the parameter names with the symbolic name of the converter.
For example,

isbn.schema.name: io.debezium.postgresql.type.Isbn

snapshot.mode

initial

Specifies the criteria for performing a snapshot when the connector starts:

initial - The connector performs a snapshot only when no offsets have been recorded for the logical server name.

always - The connector performs a snapshot each time the connector starts.

never - The connector never performs snapshots. When a connector is configured this way, its behavior when it starts is as follows. If there is a previously stored LSN in the Kafka offsets topic, the connector continues streaming changes from that position. If no LSN has been stored, the connector starts streaming changes from the point in time when the PostgreSQL logical replication slot was created on the server. The never snapshot mode is useful only when you know all data of interest is still reflected in the WAL.

initial_only - The connector performs an initial snapshot and then stops, without processing any subsequent changes.

exported - deprecated

custom - The connector performs a snapshot according to the setting for the snapshot.custom.class property, which is a custom implementation of the io.debezium.connector.postgresql.spi.Snapshotter interface.

For more information, see the table of snapshot.mode options.

snapshot.custom.class

No default

A full Java class name that is an implementation of the io.debezium.connector.postgresql.spi.Snapshotter interface. Required when the snapshot.mode property is set to custom. See custom snapshotter SPI.

snapshot.include.collection.list

All tables specified in table.include.list

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names (<schemaName>.<tableName>) of the tables to include in a snapshot. The specified items must be named in the connector’s table.include.list property. This property takes effect only if the connector’s snapshot.mode property is set to a value other than never.

This property does not affect the behavior of incremental snapshots.

snapshot.lock.timeout.ms

10000

Positive integer value that specifies the maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) to wait to obtain table locks when performing a snapshot. If the connector cannot acquire table locks in this time interval, the snapshot fails. How the connector performs snapshots provides details.

snapshot.select.statement.overrides

No default

Specifies the table rows to include in a snapshot. Use the property if you want a snapshot to include only a subset of the rows in a table. This property affects snapshots only. It does not apply to events that the connector reads from the log.

The property contains a comma-separated list of fully-qualified table names in the form <schemaName>.<tableName>. For example,

"snapshot.select.statement.overrides": "inventory.products,customers.orders"

For each table in the list, add a further configuration property that specifies the SELECT statement for the connector to run on the table when it takes a snapshot. The specified SELECT statement determines the subset of table rows to include in the snapshot. Use the following format to specify the name of this SELECT statement property:

snapshot.select.statement.overrides.<schemaName>.<tableName>. For example, snapshot.select.statement.overrides.customers.orders.

Example:

From a customers.orders table that includes the soft-delete column, delete_flag, add the following properties if you want a snapshot to include only those records that are not soft-deleted:

"snapshot.select.statement.overrides": "customer.orders",
"snapshot.select.statement.overrides.customer.orders": "SELECT * FROM [customers].[orders] WHERE delete_flag = 0 ORDER BY id DESC"

In the resulting snapshot, the connector includes only the records for which delete_flag = 0.

event.processing.failure.handling.mode

fail

Specifies how the connector should react to exceptions during processing of events:

fail propagates the exception, indicates the offset of the problematic event, and causes the connector to stop.

warn logs the offset of the problematic event, skips that event, and continues processing.

skip skips the problematic event and continues processing.

max.batch.size

10240

Positive integer value that specifies the maximum size of each batch of events that the connector processes.

max.queue.size

20240

Positive integer value that specifies the maximum number of records that the blocking queue can hold. When Debezium reads events streamed from the database, it places the events in the blocking queue before it writes them to Kafka. The blocking queue can provide backpressure for reading change events from the database in cases where the connector ingests messages faster than it can write them to Kafka, or when Kafka becomes unavailable. Events that are held in the queue are disregarded when the connector periodically records offsets. Always set the value of max.queue.size to be larger than the value of max.batch.size.

max.queue.size.in.bytes

0

A long integer value that specifies the maximum volume of the blocking queue in bytes. By default, volume limits are not specified for the blocking queue. To specify the number of bytes that the queue can consume, set this property to a positive long value.
If max.queue.size is also set, writing to the queue is blocked when the size of the queue reaches the limit specified by either property. For example, if you set max.queue.size=1000, and max.queue.size.in.bytes=5000, writing to the queue is blocked after the queue contains 1000 records, or after the volume of the records in the queue reaches 5000 bytes.

poll.interval.ms

1000

Positive integer value that specifies the number of milliseconds the connector should wait for new change events to appear before it starts processing a batch of events. Defaults to 1000 milliseconds, or 1 second.

include.unknown.datatypes

false

Specifies connector behavior when the connector encounters a field whose data type is unknown. The default behavior is that the connector omits the field from the change event and logs a warning.

Set this property to true if you want the change event to contain an opaque binary representation of the field. This lets consumers decode the field. You can control the exact representation by setting the binary handling mode property.

Consumers risk backward compatibility issues when include.unknown.datatypes is set to true. Not only may the database-specific binary representation change between releases, but if the data type is eventually supported by Debezium, the data type will be sent downstream in a logical type, which would require adjustments by consumers. In general, when encountering unsupported data types, create a feature request so that support can be added.

database.initial.statements

No default

A semicolon separated list of SQL statements that the connector executes when it establishes a JDBC connection to the database. To use a semicolon as a character and not as a delimiter, specify two consecutive semicolons, ;;.

The connector may establish JDBC connections at its own discretion. Consequently, this property is useful for configuration of session parameters only, and not for executing DML statements.

The connector does not execute these statements when it creates a connection for reading the transaction log.

+status.update.interval.ms

10000

Frequency for sending replication connection status updates to the server, given in milliseconds.
The property also controls how frequently the database status is checked to detect a dead connection in case the database was shut down.

heartbeat.interval.ms

0

Controls how frequently the connector sends heartbeat messages to a Kafka topic. The default behavior is that the connector does not send heartbeat messages.

Heartbeat messages are useful for monitoring whether the connector is receiving change events from the database. Heartbeat messages might help decrease the number of change events that need to be re-sent when a connector restarts. To send heartbeat messages, set this property to a positive integer, which indicates the number of milliseconds between heartbeat messages.

Heartbeat messages are needed when there are many updates in a database that is being tracked but only a tiny number of updates are related to the table(s) and schema(s) for which the connector is capturing changes. In this situation, the connector reads from the database transaction log as usual but rarely emits change records to Kafka. This means that no offset updates are committed to Kafka and the connector does not have an opportunity to send the latest retrieved LSN to the database. The database retains WAL files that contain events that have already been processed by the connector. Sending heartbeat messages enables the connector to send the latest retrieved LSN to the database, which allows the database to reclaim disk space being used by no longer needed WAL files.

heartbeat.topics.prefix

__debezium-heartbeat

Controls the name of the topic to which the connector sends heartbeat messages. The topic name has this pattern:

<heartbeat.topics.prefix>.<server.name>

For example, if the database server name is fulfillment, the default topic name is __debezium-heartbeat.fulfillment.

heartbeat.action.query

No default

Specifies a query that the connector executes on the source database when the connector sends a heartbeat message.

This is useful for resolving the situation described in WAL disk space consumption, where capturing changes from a low-traffic database on the same host as a high-traffic database prevents Debezium from processing WAL records and thus acknowledging WAL positions with the database. To address this situation, create a heartbeat table in the low-traffic database, and set this property to a statement that inserts records into that table, for example:

INSERT INTO test_heartbeat_table (text) VALUES ('test_heartbeat')

This allows the connector to receive changes from the low-traffic database and acknowledge their LSNs, which prevents unbounded WAL growth on the database host.

schema.refresh.mode

columns_diff

Specify the conditions that trigger a refresh of the in-memory schema for a table.

columns_diff is the safest mode. It ensures that the in-memory schema stays in sync with the database table’s schema at all times.

columns_diff_exclude_unchanged_toast instructs the connector to refresh the in-memory schema cache if there is a discrepancy with the schema derived from the incoming message, unless unchanged TOASTable data fully accounts for the discrepancy.

This setting can significantly improve connector performance if there are frequently-updated tables that have TOASTed data that are rarely part of updates. However, it is possible for the in-memory schema to become outdated if TOASTable columns are dropped from the table.

snapshot.delay.ms

No default

An interval in milliseconds that the connector should wait before performing a snapshot when the connector starts. If you are starting multiple connectors in a cluster, this property is useful for avoiding snapshot interruptions, which might cause re-balancing of connectors.

snapshot.fetch.size

10240

During a snapshot, the connector reads table content in batches of rows. This property specifies the maximum number of rows in a batch.

slot.stream.params

No default

Semicolon separated list of parameters to pass to the configured logical decoding plug-in. For example, add-tables=public.table,public.table2;include-lsn=true.

sanitize.field.names

true if connector configuration sets the key.converter or value.converter property to the Avro converter.

false if not.

Indicates whether field names are sanitized to adhere to Avro naming requirements.

slot.max.retries

6

If connecting to a replication slot fails, this is the maximum number of consecutive attempts to connect.

slot.retry.delay.ms

10000 (10 seconds)

The number of milliseconds to wait between retry attempts when the connector fails to connect to a replication slot.

toasted.value.placeholder

__debezium_unavailable_value

Specifies the constant that the connector provides to indicate that the original value is a toasted value that is not provided by the database. If the setting of toasted.value.placeholder starts with the hex: prefix it is expected that the rest of the string represents hexadecimally encoded octets. See toasted values for additional details.

This option is deprecated, please use unavailable.value.placeholder instead.

unavailable.value.placeholder

__debezium_unavailable_value

Specifies the constant that the connector provides to indicate that the original value is a toasted value that is not provided by the database. If the setting of unavailable.value.placeholder starts with the hex: prefix it is expected that the rest of the string represents hexadecimally encoded octets. See toasted values for additional details.

provide.transaction.metadata

false

Determines whether the connector generates events with transaction boundaries and enriches change event envelopes with transaction metadata. Specify true if you want the connector to do this. See Transaction metadata for details.

transaction.topic

${database.server.name}.transaction

Controls the name of the topic to which the connector sends transaction metadata messages. The placeholder ${database.server.name} can be used for referring to the connector’s logical name; defaults to ${database.server.name}.transaction, for example dbserver1.transaction.

retriable.restart.connector.wait.ms

10000 (10 seconds)

The number of milliseconds to wait before restarting a connector after a retriable error occurs.

skipped.operations

t

A comma-separated list of operation types that will be skipped during streaming. The operations include: c for inserts/create, u for updates, d for deletes, t for truncates, and none to not skip any operations. By default, truncate operations are skipped.

signal.data.collection

No default value

Fully-qualified name of the data collection that is used to send signals to the connector.
Use the following format to specify the collection name:
<schemaName>.<tableName>

incremental.snapshot.chunk.size

1024

The maximum number of rows that the connector fetches and reads into memory during an incremental snapshot chunk. Increasing the chunk size provides greater efficiency, because the snapshot runs fewer snapshot queries of a greater size. However, larger chunk sizes also require more memory to buffer the snapshot data. Adjust the chunk size to a value that provides the best performance in your environment.

xmin.fetch.interval.ms

0

How often, in milliseconds, the XMIN will be read from the replication slot. The XMIN value provides the lower bounds of where a new replication slot could start from. The default value of 0 disables tracking XMIN tracking.

Pass-through connector configuration properties

The connector also supports pass-through configuration properties that are used when creating the Kafka producer and consumer.

Be sure to consult the Kafka documentation for all of the configuration properties for Kafka producers and consumers. The PostgreSQL connector does use the new consumer configuration properties.

Monitoring

The Debezium PostgreSQL connector provides two types of metrics that are in addition to the built-in support for JMX metrics that Zookeeper, Kafka, and Kafka Connect provide.

Snapshot metrics provide information about connector operation while performing a snapshot.
Streaming metrics provide information about connector operation when the connector is capturing changes and streaming change event records.

Debezium monitoring documentation provides details for how to expose these metrics by using JMX.

Snapshot metrics

The MBean is debezium.postgres:type=connector-metrics,context=snapshot,server=<postgresql.server.name>.

Snapshot metrics are not exposed unless a snapshot operation is active, or if a snapshot has occurred since the last connector start.

The following table lists the shapshot metrics that are available.

Attributes Type Description

LastEvent

string

The last snapshot event that the connector has read.

MilliSecondsSinceLastEvent

long

The number of milliseconds since the connector has read and processed the most recent event.

TotalNumberOfEventsSeen

long

The total number of events that this connector has seen since last started or reset.

NumberOfEventsFiltered

long

The number of events that have been filtered by include/exclude list filtering rules configured on the connector.

CapturedTables

string[]

The list of tables that are captured by the connector.

QueueTotalCapacity

int

The length the queue used to pass events between the snapshotter and the main Kafka Connect loop.

QueueRemainingCapacity

int

The free capacity of the queue used to pass events between the snapshotter and the main Kafka Connect loop.

TotalTableCount

int

The total number of tables that are being included in the snapshot.

RemainingTableCount

int

The number of tables that the snapshot has yet to copy.

SnapshotRunning

boolean

Whether the snapshot was started.

SnapshotAborted

boolean

Whether the snapshot was aborted.

SnapshotCompleted

boolean

Whether the snapshot completed.

SnapshotDurationInSeconds

long

The total number of seconds that the snapshot has taken so far, even if not complete.

RowsScanned

Map<String, Long>

Map containing the number of rows scanned for each table in the snapshot. Tables are incrementally added to the Map during processing. Updates every 10,000 rows scanned and upon completing a table.

MaxQueueSizeInBytes

long

The maximum buffer of the queue in bytes. This metric is available if max.queue.size.in.bytes is set to a positive long value.

CurrentQueueSizeInBytes

long

The current volume, in bytes, of records in the queue.

The connector also provides the following additional snapshot metrics when an incremental snapshot is executed:

Attributes Type Description

ChunkId

string

The identifier of the current snapshot chunk.

ChunkFrom

string

The lower bound of the primary key set defining the current chunk.

ChunkTo

string

The upper bound of the primary key set defining the current chunk.

TableFrom

string

The lower bound of the primary key set of the currently snapshotted table.

TableTo

string

The upper bound of the primary key set of the currently snapshotted table.

Streaming metrics

The MBean is debezium.postgres:type=connector-metrics,context=streaming,server=<postgresql.server.name>.

The following table lists the streaming metrics that are available.

Attributes Type Description

LastEvent

string

The last streaming event that the connector has read.

MilliSecondsSinceLastEvent

long

The number of milliseconds since the connector has read and processed the most recent event.

TotalNumberOfEventsSeen

long

The total number of events that this connector has seen since the last start or metrics reset.

TotalNumberOfCreateEventsSeen

long

The total number of create events that this connector has seen since the last start or metrics reset.

TotalNumberOfUpdateEventsSeen

long

The total number of update events that this connector has seen since the last start or metrics reset.

TotalNumberOfDeleteEventsSeen

long

The total number of delete events that this connector has seen since the last start or metrics reset.

NumberOfEventsFiltered

long

The number of events that have been filtered by include/exclude list filtering rules configured on the connector.

CapturedTables

string[]

The list of tables that are captured by the connector.

QueueTotalCapacity

int

The length the queue used to pass events between the streamer and the main Kafka Connect loop.

QueueRemainingCapacity

int

The free capacity of the queue used to pass events between the streamer and the main Kafka Connect loop.

Connected

boolean

Flag that denotes whether the connector is currently connected to the database server.

MilliSecondsBehindSource

long

The number of milliseconds between the last change event’s timestamp and the connector processing it. The values will incoporate any differences between the clocks on the machines where the database server and the connector are running.

NumberOfCommittedTransactions

long

The number of processed transactions that were committed.

SourceEventPosition

Map<String, String>

The coordinates of the last received event.

LastTransactionId

string

Transaction identifier of the last processed transaction.

MaxQueueSizeInBytes

long

The maximum buffer of the queue in bytes. This metric is available if max.queue.size.in.bytes is set to a positive long value.

CurrentQueueSizeInBytes

long

The current volume, in bytes, of records in the queue.

Behavior when things go wrong

Debezium is a distributed system that captures all changes in multiple upstream databases; it never misses or loses an event. When the system is operating normally or being managed carefully then Debezium provides exactly once delivery of every change event record.

If a fault does happen then the system does not lose any events. However, while it is recovering from the fault, it might repeat some change events. In these abnormal situations, Debezium, like Kafka, provides at least once delivery of change events.

The rest of this section describes how Debezium handles various kinds of faults and problems.

Configuration and startup errors

In the following situations, the connector fails when trying to start, reports an error/exception in the log, and stops running:

The connector’s configuration is invalid.
The connector cannot successfully connect to PostgreSQL by using the specified connection parameters.
The connector is restarting from a previously-recorded position in the PostgreSQL WAL (by using the LSN) and PostgreSQL no longer has that history available.

In these cases, the error message has details about the problem and possibly a suggested workaround. After you correct the configuration or address the PostgreSQL problem, restart the connector.

PostgreSQL becomes unavailable

When the connector is running, the PostgreSQL server that it is connected to could become unavailable for any number of reasons. If this happens, the connector fails with an error and stops. When the server is available again, restart the connector.

The PostgreSQL connector externally stores the last processed offset in the form of a PostgreSQL LSN. After a connector restarts and connects to a server instance, the connector communicates with the server to continue streaming from that particular offset. This offset is available as long as the Debezium replication slot remains intact. Never drop a replication slot on the primary server or you will lose data. See the next section for failure cases in which a slot has been removed.

Cluster failures

As of release 12, PostgreSQL allows logical replication slots only on primary servers. This means that you can point a Debezium PostgreSQL connector to only the active primary server of a database cluster. Also, replication slots themselves are not propagated to replicas. If the primary server goes down, a new primary must be promoted.

The new primary must have the logical decoding plug-in installed and a replication slot that is configured for use by the plug-in and the database for which you want to capture changes. Only then can you point the connector to the new server and restart the connector.

There are important caveats when failovers occur and you should pause Debezium until you can verify that you have an intact replication slot that has not lost data. After a failover:

There must be a process that re-creates the Debezium replication slot before allowing the application to write to the new primary. This is crucial. Without this process, your application can miss change events.
You might need to verify that Debezium was able to read all changes in the slot before the old primary failed.

One reliable method of recovering and verifying whether any changes were lost is to recover a backup of the failed primary to the point immediately before it failed. While this can be administratively difficult, it allows you to inspect the replication slot for any unconsumed changes.

There are discussions in the PostgreSQL community around a feature called failover slots that would help mitigate this problem, but as of PostgreSQL 12, they have not been implemented. However, there is active development for PostgreSQL 13 to support logical decoding on standbys, which is a major requirement to make failover possible. You can find more about this in this link:"0w50sRagcs+jrktBXuJAWGZQdSTMa57CCY+Dh-xbg@mail.gmail.com"">community thread.

More about the concept of failover slots is in this blog post.

Kafka Connect process stops gracefully

Suppose that Kafka Connect is being run in distributed mode and a Kafka Connect process is stopped gracefully. Prior to shutting down that process, Kafka Connect migrates the process’s connector tasks to another Kafka Connect process in that group. The new connector tasks start processing exactly where the prior tasks stopped. There is a short delay in processing while the connector tasks are stopped gracefully and restarted on the new processes.

Kafka Connect process crashes

If the Kafka Connector process stops unexpectedly, any connector tasks it was running terminate without recording their most recently processed offsets. When Kafka Connect is being run in distributed mode, Kafka Connect restarts those connector tasks on other processes. However, PostgreSQL connectors resume from the last offset that was recorded by the earlier processes. This means that the new replacement tasks might generate some of the same change events that were processed just prior to the crash. The number of duplicate events depends on the offset flush period and the volume of data changes just before the crash.

Because there is a chance that some events might be duplicated during a recovery from failure, consumers should always anticipate some duplicate events. Debezium changes are idempotent, so a sequence of events always results in the same state.

In each change event record, Debezium connectors insert source-specific information about the origin of the event, including the PostgreSQL server’s time of the event, the ID of the server transaction, and the position in the write-ahead log where the transaction changes were written. Consumers can keep track of this information, especially the LSN, to determine whether an event is a duplicate.

Kafka becomes unavailable

As the connector generates change events, the Kafka Connect framework records those events in Kafka by using the Kafka producer API. Periodically, at a frequency that you specify in the Kafka Connect configuration, Kafka Connect records the latest offset that appears in those change events. If the Kafka brokers become unavailable, the Kafka Connect process that is running the connectors repeatedly tries to reconnect to the Kafka brokers. In other words, the connector tasks pause until a connection can be re-established, at which point the connectors resume exactly where they left off.

Connector is stopped for a duration

If the connector is gracefully stopped, the database can continue to be used. Any changes are recorded in the PostgreSQL WAL. When the connector restarts, it resumes streaming changes where it left off. That is, it generates change event records for all database changes that were made while the connector was stopped.

A properly configured Kafka cluster is able to handle massive throughput. Kafka Connect is written according to Kafka best practices, and given enough resources a Kafka Connect connector can also handle very large numbers of database change events. Because of this, after being stopped for a while, when a Debezium connector restarts, it is very likely to catch up with the database changes that were made while it was stopped. How quickly this happens depends on the capabilities and performance of Kafka and the volume of changes being made to the data in PostgreSQL.

Debezium connector for PostgreSQL

Overview

How the connector works

Security

Snapshots

Ad hoc snapshots

Incremental snapshots

Custom snapshotter SPI

Streaming changes

PostgreSQL 10+ logical decoding support (pgoutput)

Topic names

Meta information

Transaction metadata

Data change events

Change event keys

Change event values

Replica identity

create events

update events

Primary key updates

delete events

truncate events

message events

Data type mappings

Basic types

Temporal types

TIMESTAMP type

Decimal types

HSTORE type

Domain types

Network address types

PostGIS types

Toasted values

Default values

Setting up Postgres

PostgreSQL in the Cloud

PostgreSQL on Amazon RDS

PostgreSQL on Azure

PostgreSQL on CrunchyBridge

Installing the logical decoding output plug-in

Plug-in differences

Configuring the PostgreSQL server

Setting up permissions

Setting privileges to enable Debezium to create PostgreSQL publications when you use pgoutput

Configuring PostgreSQL to allow replication with the Debezium connector host

Supported PostgreSQL topologies

WAL disk space consumption

Deployment

Connector configuration example

Adding connector configuration

Connector configuration properties

Monitoring

Snapshot metrics

Streaming metrics

Behavior when things go wrong

Configuration and startup errors

PostgreSQL becomes unavailable

Cluster failures

Kafka Connect process stops gracefully

Kafka Connect process crashes

Kafka becomes unavailable

Connector is stopped for a duration

PostgreSQL 10+ logical decoding support (`pgoutput`)

Setting privileges to enable Debezium to create PostgreSQL publications when you use `pgoutput`